There is a long history of using alfalfa in Ayurvedic medicine because of its many benefits. This is especially important when planting under less than favorable conditions like cool, wet soils or soils with inadequate moisture conditions. Seeding dates were near or within the recommended seeding dates for each state. In many geographic regions that get only two or three cuttings of alfalfa per season, first-cutting alfalfa might be the preferred hay for horses. Pectic polysaccharides extracted from alfalfa stems were found to have anti-inflammatory properties. Lexington, KY 40546-0091 There is insufficient information to know if alfalfa could help the thyroid gland. De Leo V, Lanzetta D, Cazzavacca R, Morgante G. Trattamento dei disturbi neurovegetativi della donna in menopausa con un preparato fitoterapico [Treatment of neurovegetative menopausal symptoms with a phytotherapeutic agent]. This eliminated the problem of seed drift when the dry rice seed was sown on the surface of flooded paddys by simply using a seed coating to improve establishment success. In conclusion, seed coating is a proven technology that shows equal establishment success to uncoated seed until ideal seedbed conditions and improved establishment success when seeding under less than ideal conditions. Alfalfa is possibly safe for most people. As a soil-improving crop, sweet clover probably has no equal. The flavorful stir-fried shoots are a tasty complement to meat and fish. Alfalfa sprouts may cause foodborne illness. Sweet clover also grows well on a wide range of soil conditions from claypan to sandy soils and is quite tolerant of wet conditions. College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Additional protection against soil-born fungus, Stimulates a cascade of growth promoting plant processes, enhancing rapid seedling emergence, Important in seedling health and other plant processes, Binds other treatments, draws moisture to the seedling, Microorganisms that can quickly colonize and grow with the root as the plant develops, Encapsulates seed to help with flowability. Evaluation of Medicago sativa L. sprouts as antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic agent. None of these benefits have been backed by scientific evidence. However, direct research is lacking in this aspect. Organic Grocery Delivery Boston, 50 Terminal Street, Building 2, Charlestown, MA, Healthy Buddha Bowl with Lemon Ginger Dressing. This can disrupt the microbes that help the animals digest their feed. It is an effective medicine for digestive and arthritis problems. Wet hay not only weighs more, adding to the cost, but will likely be moldy. Vitamin K: 10. Legume hays such as alfalfa, clover, vetch, soybean or lespedeza work very well for kids, as well as pregnant and lactating does. The primary stems of white clover usually die before the second year, and the life of the plant depends upon the stolons and their haphazard roots. When mold occurs during hay or silage making, this can be converted to dicumarol, an anticoagulant that can cause internal bleeding of animals consuming the forage. Sweet clover is able to obtain phosphorus from relatively unavailable soil phosphates and will grow on soils where alfalfa, red clover or ladino will fail. This crunchyblend is a great source of protein and Vitamins A, B, C and E. These legumes are lightly sprouted, meaning they have just started to grow. Dairy cows need the best haywith the most nutrients per poundsince they are producing more milk than a beef cow. 2014;11(8):635644. White, Ladino and Sweet Clover | MU Extension Because of the way it regrows from buds along its main stem, during its first year of growth sweet clover must not be grazed down to less than 10 to 12 inches in height. Alfalfa is rich in plant compounds known as saponins. In addition, alfalfa is more drought resistant compared to clover hay. There are three types of clover hay; purple, red, and white, named based on the flower color. The white clover is shorter with smaller leaves, while the red clover is taller with larger leaves. Clover also works as a fertilizer by adding nitrogen to the soil. Sweet clover is very tolerant of dry conditions, heat and grasshoppers. Grazing horses on grass and legume mixed pastures Alfalfa may trigger autoimmune diseases in some cases. If used as suggested, this herb offers an array of health benefits. Alfalfa is like a clover, but has a bigger stem than grass. A good mixture is 10 pounds of tall fescue (8 pounds PLS) plus 8 pounds of sweet clover (7 pounds PLS). The annual variety Hubam was used as a summer annual as well as a winter annual; a more recent annual variety is Israel. But all hay tends to weather because the sun bleaches the outside of the bales. 14 Jul. It should smell good, not musty, sour Ladino clover can be useful in re-establishment of legumes in predominantly grass sods. Remove as much water as possible. The bloat problem is extremely difficult to characterize. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. The seed industry continues to improve seed coating technology. Iron deficiency is also one of the causes of hair loss (18). The nutritional profiles vary greatly between the legumes and the grass hays. The effects of aqueous extract of alfalfa on blood glucose and lipids in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Interventional medicine & applied science vol. Olive Oil Vs. But like other legumes, it makes its highest yields under less astringent conditions. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, children, senior citizens, pregnant individuals, and people with a compromised immune system should avoid the intake of alfalfa. What is the cast of surname sable in maharashtra? Jonathan's Sprouts' Munchin Mix is a blend of sprouted adzuki beans, lentils and peas. BMC Complement Altern Med. In some parts of the country fescue, reed canary grass, ryegrass and Sudan grass are common. You often cannot tell the quality of the hay by just looking at the outside of a bale. It is rich in vitamins, amino acids, and fiber. Best Uses: Munchin Mix is delicious eaten raw, or it can be incorporated into stir fries or used as a garnish for soups. There is always some risk of nitrate poisoning, however, if cereal grain hays are harvested after a spurt of growth following a drought period. What Are The Benefits Of Alfalfa For Hair? Save the high-quality PDF version on your device now. Animal performance is equal to that of alfalfa, and for a short period its carrying capacity is greater. These cuttings are too rich (too many nutrients per pound, with very little fiber) for most horses, unless you are just adding a little bit of it to the diet of a young orphan foal or an older horse that has poor teeth and cannot chew stemmy hay. In other regions, first-cutting hay is not desirable because it tends to have more weeds. Pancreatic and extra-pancreatic effects of the traditional anti-diabetic plant, Medicago sativa (lucerne). . Mature goats do very well on a grass-legume mix and some grass hays, but generally do not eat coarse grass hay; having small mouths, goats do not like it. S123 Ag Science North Hypothyroidism is one such disease. Mung bean sprouts' simple appearancewhite stems and pale yellow leavesmasks their impressive nutritional value; they are rich in Vitamin K, Vitamin C, iron and potassium. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(481170, '6e4ad4cc-5ccd-4294-b75c-bd20c283908c', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); Topics: The alfalfa weevil is known to cause serious defoliation and has the greater potential to cause yield losses. However, clover leaf weevils can also become very damaging if they are present in large populations. Although they are similar in size and coloration, each species has unique characteristics that can be used to identify them. Figure 1. The nutrient may also improve complexion and skin texture. Most of the white clovers sold in this country as common white clover belong to the intermediate group. Add 2 tablespoons of alfalfa seeds to a bowl and cover them with 23 times the amount of cool water. Each treatment can change the drill flowability, so it is advisable to calibrate the drill for each seed lot. In another study, the ethyl acetate extracts of alfalfa were found to suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokinesi XA particular class of signaling molecules released by immune cells and a few other cells that promote inflammation. Departments & Units / Trifolium pratense belongs to Trifolium, which is a short-term perennial herb. Sweet clover is not a very good hay crop. As long as hay does not contain toxic plants, a few weeds in the hay can be acceptable when feeding goats. One way to tell the difference between Sweet Clover and alfalfa is that the Sweet Clover leaf is serrated around the edge completely, whereas the alfalfa leaf is The majority of improved varieties of alfalfa and clover seed are now coated. The intake of alfalfa supplements in excess amounts during pregnancy may cause adverse effects. The fiber in alfalfa sprouts may help with weight loss. Even if the outer edge of a bale has faded from sun exposure and rain, the inside should still be green. These coated seeds could be broadcast by airplane in the rugged hills of New Zealand. 2015;28(6):20612074. Tannin in clover causes its protein to be much less soluble and much higher in quality. Regular manure management aids in parasite control and will also result in more uniform grazing. Sprouts, in general, could be contaminated by bacteria (21). If you are considering purchasing this type of hay, it can be tested for nitrate content. She is very passionate about teaching Sindhu Koganti is a certified health and nutrition life coach and has over 6 years of experience in writing on health and wellness topics. If it was rained on after it was cut, baled too green or too wet or too dry, it may not be safe to feed. WebThe adaptation to soils with somewhat lower pH than where alfalfa can be grown and tolerance of a wider range of soil moisture conditions, makes red clover a desirable choice for a forage legume on many sites. It may be an effective cure for disorders associated with the central nervous system (CNS), heart, and metabolism. Ethyl acetate extracts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) sprouts inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Journal of biomedical science vol. Use Esc key to go back to input search field. Another study conducted by the Beckman Research Institute on breast cancer survivors found that alfalfa users were less likely to get sleep interruptions (9). Its strong and spicy flavor makes it perfect for marinades. Though the side effects appear severe, using alfalfa in the right way can minimize the risk. Accessed February 5, 2016. Hence, use alfalfa for skin health only after checking with your doctor. The clover germinates in late summer under the beans. Ancient Chinese medicine mentions using alfalfa tea to stimulate appetite, reduce ulcers, and treat digestive problems. Haven't tried Boston Organics but ready to enjoy fresh, organic produce delivered to your door? It is packed with potent antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. One way to tell the difference between Sweet Clover and alfalfa is that the Sweet Clover leaf is serrated around the edge completely, whereas the alfalfa leaf is serrated only on one-third to one-half of the margin nearest the tip. If goats are fed coarse hay, they may eat the leaves but not the stems. or moldy. It's really good for putting on weight fastAlfalfa is a type of leguminous plant that is made into hay. Shutterstock. In other words, seed coating improves establishment success by improving establishment percentage.. The yellow flowered species is finer stemmed and of higher quality, but it yields less than white blossomed sweet clover. Some types of mold may cause colic or can cause a pregnant mare to abort. You may recognize Mung bean sprouts from your favorite Chinese food dish or Pho restaurant. Additional components are added to modern coated seed (see Table 3 at end of article), but with legume seed the most important are the inoculum and a fungicide. You may need different qualities of hay for different horsesleafy hay for weanlings, for instance, and more mature hay for adult horses that do not need such fine hay. If you're looking for flavorful inspiration, try this recipe for Spiced Stir Fried Bean Sprouts. In other words, planted at the same rate, there is no difference in the final stand using coated vs. uncoated seed. Combining seeds and water is at the heart of growing sprouts. If you are feeding sweet clover hay and suspect that it might contain dicumarol, lessen the danger by feeding the sweet clover hay for about two weeks, then follow it with another type of hay for three weeks. Complete loss of new seedings due to feeding by adult weevil is not uncommon in areas where much sweet clover is grown. clover Always select good quality, clean straw when buying it for feed. Alfalfa is an excellent compound with antioxidant properties that may reduce cellular damage caused by iron oxide nanoparticles (10). A hay shed is ideal because you can build up the floor with gravel for good drainage so the entire haystack is kept dry. Sweet clover contains a high level of coumarin. Next to pasture, good quality hay is the ideal feed. Another study conducted on 15 patients with hyperlipoproteinemiai XA genetic condition that causes improper fat breakdown, resulting in fat accumulation in the blood. However, weeds tend to appear in first-cut alfalfa hay. Establishment of coated (Rhizo-Kote XL) vs. uncoated pre-inoculated alfalfa seed five to six months after seeding. An autoimmune condition when the immune system attacks its tissues, leading to fatigue and joint pain. Sheep, like goats, prefer fine, leafy hay and will not eat coarse hay. 5 Herbicides Every Deer Steward Should They have similar thin white stems and delicious crunch, with a flavor reminiscent of fresh peas. Yes, alfalfa contains 0.2 mcg of selenium (1). The average seeding rate was 18.5 pounds per acre for the Rhizo-Kote XL and 18.4 pounds per acre for uncoated seed. The grass seed was coated to help with a uniform seeding pattern and to provide added weight to insure good seed to soil contact as the seed fell from the airplane. Crop Rotation with Cover Crops In grass seed, the primary advantage of coating is to insure easier and more uniform seeding. Sweet clover is a fine source of nectar and pollen for honey bees. Horses can do well on grass or alfalfa (or other legume) hay. She started out in medical nutrition therapy and expanded her area of expertise to intestinal disorders, inflammatory disease and exercise nutrition. Vitamin A in alfalfa may help treat dry skin. /A, Rhizo-Kote XL 18.5 lb. Master Grazer Coordinator1205 Hopkinsville StreetPrinceton, KY 42445(270) 365-7541, Dr. Ray SmithExtension Forage SpecialistUniversity of KentuckyPhone: (859) 257-3358Fax: (859) 323-1952raysmith1@uky.edu, Dr. Donna Amaral-PhillipsExtension Dairy Cattle SpecialistUniversity of KentuckyPhone: (859) 257-7542Fax: (859) 257-7537 damaral@uky.edu, Dr. Jeff LehmkuhlerExtension Beef Cattle SpecialistUniversity of KentuckyPhone: (859) 257-2853Fax: (859) 257-3412 jeff.lehmkuhler@uky.edu, Nancy Cox, Ph.D. The quality of the hay you feed will also depend on whether you are feeding mature beef cattle, young calves or dairy cows. Unless you are buying directly out of the field after baling, try to buy hay that has been protected from weather by a tarp or hay shed. These are chemically similar to the estrogen hormone and are available in two types, namely, alfalfa-coumestrol and genistein (7). Just because your animals live outdoors doesnt mean youre off the hook for manure removal. The Role of Vitamins and Minerals in Hair Loss: A Review.Dermatology and therapyvol. Br J Nutr. Phytoestrogens in postmenopause: the state of the art from a chemical, pharmacological and regulatory perspective.Current medicinal chemistryvol. Clover When seeded in the winter or early spring, it will not usually bloom during the first season, especially if it is seeded in small grains. Penn State Extension Vitamin C, especially, fights free radical damage and may help slow down the associated hair loss (18). Sweet clover is a true biennial and will survive only one winter. Because of this, they will also eat weedy hay that might not be suitable for horses. Structural, thermal, and anti-inflammatory properties of a novel pectic polysaccharide from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stem.J Agric Food Chem. White blossom sweet clover includes the varieties Denta and Polara, but most white blossom sweet clover used in Missouri is commercial common. She has been the owner of HMD Nutrition in Scottsdale, Arizona since 1999. She has been the owner of HMD Nutrition in Scottsdale, Arizona since 1999. Liquid chlorophyll is a concentrated liquid form of chlorophyllins from the fresh alfalfa plant. The seed for the two treatments were from three improved alfalfa varieties and were taken from the same seed lot in order to eliminate genetic differences. Alfalfa seeds lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B concentrations in patients with type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Munchin Mix is also a great substitute for garbanzo beans in delicious Sprout Hummus. It also responds to irrigation about as much as any other legume. But alfalfa in its sprouted form can be eaten by humans in sandwiches and salads. A small drop of the tincture is enough for the benefits. These buds remain dormant over winter, and early the next season a strong growth of stems is produced from the crown. 2010;663:229240. Even with a drill, the coated seed makes it easier to set the desired seeding rate because the coating in essence bulks up the size of the seed. They do best with fine, soft hay thats cut before bloom stage; it not only contains more nutrients, but is also much easier to eat. Alfalfa is a herb with many medicinal properties. The amount of grazing it will furnish in its seeding year depends upon its companion crop. Alfalfa sprouts are one of the most commonly available sprout varieties. Always stack it so that the oldest bales will be used first. Let this mixture steep for at least 5 minutes before serving. Seeds are initially soaked in water, then drained. Alfalfa cut at full bloom drops to 15.5 percent crude protein, compared to 6.9 percent for late bloom timothy and 7.6 percent for late bloom orchard grass. Sprouts are teeny, tiny, brand-new plants. 200,000 seed per pound. Difference between grass, alfalfa, clover and firld grass You can add fresh alfalfa sprouts to salads or soups. Pea shoots have developed past the cotyledon stage and have started to develop their adult foliage. The nutrient may also help in improving the circulation of blood in the scalp and hair follicles. Cereal grain crops (especially oats) can make good hay when cut while still green and growing, rather than waiting for the seed heads to mature for grain. The protein in alfalfa may promote hair growth. The leaves of grass hay have more nutrients and are more digestible when the plant is immature and growing, and more fiber when the plant has reached full growth. Organic Sprouts, Oral administration of alfalfa extracts (250 mg/kg) was00 found to reduce liver enzyme concentration in the blood (17). Enter and space open menus and escape closes them as well. Although alfalfa cumulated twice as much biomass and fixed nitrogen, it transferred smaller amounts of N (59 versus 147 kg N.ha 1 over three years in the field) under a delayed dynamic. Type 2 or more characters into the input search below for suggested results, use up and down arrow keys to navigate through suggest box. Changing from grass hay to alfalfa all at once can change the environment in the rumen of cattle, sheep and goats and in the cecum of a horse (because of the shift in pHthe acid/base balance). In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. Information adapted fromSeed Treatments- A Worthwhile Investment for Alfalfa. Seed coating has come a long way from the New Zealand practice of the 1950s. The annual sweet clovers have had their greatest use in the South as a winter annual legume. A genetic condition that causes improper fat breakdown, resulting in fat accumulation in the blood. No, alfalfa grass does not contain gluten. Why Walden's rule not applicable to small size cations. Do you have pictures of Gracie Thompson from the movie Gracie's choice? It can also be used as a green feed not just hay.The difference In general, it can be pastured once it reaches a height of 12 to 14 inches if close grazing is avoided. , insulin-like, and insulin-releasing properties that may help treat diabetes. Daily intake of alfalfa sprouts, but not broccoli sprouts, influence plasma levels of androgen in middle-aged males, In Vitro Assessment Of Alfalfa Plant Extract In Remineralizing Subsurface Carious Lesions Using Quantitative Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis With Sem. Fourteen field trials were conducted in TN, KY and AL comparing coated alfalfa seed (Rhizo-Kote XL) plus Apron fungicide to pre-inoculated, uncoated seed plus Apron at the same seeding rate. The alfalfa weevil is known to cause serious defoliation and has the greater potential to cause yield losses. As a general rule, do not turn hungry cattle onto white clover pastures, especially those pastures wet with dew. Advice to Consumers & Retailers Salmonella Infections Linked to Alfalfa Sprouts from One Contaminated Seed Lot (Final Update) Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC. Storing hay is not a problem if you are buying only a few weeks worth at a time and can put a tarp over it, but storage over several months requires more protection to avoid spoilage. All seeding rates assume that seed quality will be equal to or greater than that of certified seed. StyleCraze provides content of general nature that is designed for informational purposes only. The benefits of alfalfa are numerous and can be attributed to its wide variety of vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. More human studies are required to understand this benefit of alfalfa. Robotika/Flickr. Alfalfa and clover sprouts are similar in appearance and nutritionthe main difference is that alfalfa leaves tend to be slightly darker than those of clover. Home Cooking Kitchen Tips, Some farmers keep sheep and cattle together when feeding hay, so the sheep can eat the finer leaves that cattle waste. The first recorded seed coating was practiced hundreds of years ago by villagers in Southeast Asia coating each rice seed in ball of mud. University of Missouri Extension is an equal opportunity/access/affirmative action/pro-disabled and veteran employer. The best way to check hay is to open a few bales and inspect it closely. The amounts and dynamics of nitrogen transfer to grasses Sweet clover is unexcelled as a legume used to improve nitrogen levels, especially at the end of the first growing season. WebAllow the crimson clover to go to seed before planting beans. There has been concern that alfalfa can cause issues during pregnancy, aggravate autoimmune disorders, or interfere with medications. Drain and rinse the sprouts well with cool water. Read on to learn about different types of organic sprouts you might come across and how to best enjoy them. Here is the procedure: You can make alfalfa herbal tea by using equal proportions of alfalfa, peppermint, and raspberry leaves. Table 1. 200,000 seed per pound. The coumarin content presents no animal health problems when used as pasture. It is usually consumed as sprouts or as a herbal supplement. Some of the more common grass hays include timothy, brome, orchard grass and bluegrass. /A, Rhizo-Kote XL 18.5 lb. The anti-diabetic and diuretic properties of alfalfa keep the spiking sugar levels under control. Unlike legumes, most recommendations call for seeding at higher seedling (lbs. What is the difference between alfalfa and clover? - Answers Alfalfa: Benefits, Nutrition Facts & Side Effects - Healthline It has a deep taproot system that penetrates the subsoil, produces a large amount of growth that can be quickly broken down and converted to organic matter and fixes high levels of nitrogen on heavy clay soils. Best Uses: Eat Mung bean sprouts gently sauteed and added to stir fries, fried rice or pile them into your soups. Alfalfa contains several minerals, such as calcium, iron, and zinc. A study conducted by Cairo University found that alfalfa sprouts decreased the high glucose levels in diabetic animals (5). The coating was put on the clover seed to hold the inoculum, help give a uniform seeding pattern and to provide a micro-environment for quick and effective nodulation. If the grain is pastured or otherwise seeded with less competition, some first year pasturage can be expected. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is an herb that some people consume as a source of calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, and vitamins A, C, E, and K. Alfalfa is most commonly grown as Why go to the trouble to coat the seed if there is no difference in the final stand? Some benefits of alfalfa are yet to be studied. Sprouting can also make nutrients within the beans and grains easier for our bodies to access, so we can reap the full benefits of including them in our diets. It could keep one satiated and promote healthy weight loss when combined with regular exercise and proper rest. ft. was equal for the coated seed in comparison to the uncoated, therefore the coated seed emerged at a significantly higher rate. Bahmani, Mahmoud et al. Sweet clover will have 260,000 seeds per pound. WebAlfalfa is a high user of phosphorus and responds well to this element in most areas of the state. The amounts of nitrogen transferred were related to recent decreases in legume population density. 21,4 (2014): 417-36. It is rich in vitamins, amino acids, and fiber. This herbal tea is also useful in nursing conditions. If a handful of hay bends easily in your hand, its fiber content is relatively low and it will be more digestible than if the stems snap like twigs. Peter Roome/Flickr. This is a common seed treatment; there are additional biologicals, micronutrients, and treatments that can beneficial. * Average seeding rate, uncoated 18.4 lb. Alfalfa (also known as Medicago sativa) can be taken in the form of supplements, sprouts, dried leaves, and seeds. Alfalfa could also help in the maintenance and construction of skin. It is rich in nutrients and has detoxifying and purifying properties. How many minutes does it take to drive 23 miles? It helps moisturize your skin, improve hair growth, and prevent hair fall. Check out our. From mid-summer to early fall during the seeding year, buds are formed on the crowns and roots. J. Keeler Johnson. Alfalfa belongs to legume, Vegetable Oil: Nutrition Fac Olive Oil Vs. How to Differentiate Alfalfa Weevils From Clover Weevils Broccoli sprouts have a mild spicy taste. They also add a touch of red color to the plate. Clover sprouts are very similar to alfalfa sprouts. They are sweet and crisp, and they make excellent additions to sandwiches and salads. Clover sprouts are also packed with proteins, iron, potassium, and calcium. First-cut alfalfa can be stemmy, but only if it is too mature when harvested. Certified white or ladino clover seed will be at least 99 percent pure with 85 percent or better total germination, including hard seed. Graze away, and enjoy the fresh flavors of sprouts! ), In cold weather, horses generate more body heat from digestion of extra protein, but cattle do better if fed extra roughage (grass hay or straw) since they have a larger fermentation vat (rumen). A Simple Guide to Organic Sprouts - Boston Organics Blog Alfalfa benefits stem from this rich nutritional profile and it may help promote heart, kidney, and bone health. Five of the fourteen strip tests were conducted as no-till plantings. Grazing management as well as weather factors will influence the amount of ladino in a pasture. They are a good option for owners who want to limit feeding grain to their ft. for the coated vs. the uncoated seed. Insects are troublesome to sweet clover. The difference between white clover and alfalfa. Is white clover a The goal of coating seed is to improve establishment success. While 2,4-DB, or butyrac as it is sometimes referred to, is very similar to 2,4-D with one very important difference: it will not kill certain legumes such as many common species of clover and alfalfa when applied correctly. One way to assess the maturity of alfalfa hay is the snap test. If ingested, wire can cause hardware disease in cattle by perforating the gut and causing fatal peritonitis because they do not sort out foreign materials before eating.
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