Biodegradation of the nitramine explosives hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine in cold marine sediment under anaerobic and oligotrophic conditions. Svenson, K. L. et al. J. Respir. The material provided on Leafly is intended for educational and informational purposes only. All animals were regularly monitored for health and welfare and were additionally checked before and after procedures. Putative novel loci are defined as spliced genes that were predicted from strain-specific RNA-Seq and did not overlap any genes projected from the reference genome. Pseudochromosomes were produced in parallel utilizing cross-species synteny alignments resulting in genome assemblies of between 2.254 (WSB/EiJ) and 2.328 gigabases (Gb) (AKR/J) excluding unknown gap bases. Immunol. The assemblies also showed extensive diversity at each of the other loci examined: immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) and Schlafen family (Slfn). Zkittlez strain grower Royal Budline wins $40,000 on 4/20. strains Gene retrotransposition has long been implicated in the creation of gene family diversity36, novel alleles conferring positively selected adaptations37. Genet. With its high-THC content, Train Wreck can relieve various mood and health-related conditions, making it a go-to for people needing medicinal relief. Main Terpenes: Myrcene, Pinene and Limonene. Based on coordinate intersections, each transcript was assigned a putative parent gene, if possible. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Approximately 0.52% of total genome length per strain was unplaced and is composed of unknown gap bases (1849%) and repeat sequences (6179%) (Supplementary Table 2), with between 89 and 410 predicted genes per strain (Supplementary Table 3). 8, e1002638 (2012). Efacb3-like is conserved in orangutan but reversed in gorilla and appears to have split into two separate protein-coding genes, EFCAB3 and EFCAB13, in the Homininae lineage. 1a and Supplementary Table 1). Arbogast, T. et al. PLoS Comput. 2d). Both food and water were available ad libitum. Additionally, an automated pseudogene annotation workflow, Pseudopipe25, alongside manually curated pseudogenes lifted over from the GRCm38 reference genome, identified an average of 11,000 (3,317 conserved between all strains) pseudogenes per strain (Supplementary Fig. Some of the most potent terpenes are: In terms of smell and taste, it's pretty much exactly what you'd expect if you're familiar with the classic Headspace taste. Park, N. et al. mSystems. Bioinformatics 27, 757763 (2011). IRG proteins belong to a subfamily of interferon-inducible GTPases present in most vertebrates55. Strain HAAP-1 degraded 29.0 microM RDX in <14 days and formed 13.0 mM acetate when grown in a mineral medium with an H2-CO2 headspace. 9, e1003196 (2013). Chromosome assembly of large and complex genomes using multiple references. c, Schematic representation of 22 brain regions plotted in sagittal plane for Efcab3-like mutant male mice (16 weeks of age, n=3) according to P values (two-tailed equal variance t-test, left). You will find the link onto the strain-description pages, right below the short overview about the available hybrids. Genet. Supplementary Figs. High-throughput discovery of novel developmental phenotypes. SPRET/EiJ contributed the largest number of strain-specific gene hits (22 genes). Epub 2003 Jun 24. Transcriptional activity and strain-specific history of mouse pseudogenes, Inbred lab mice are not isogenic: genetic variation within inbred strains used to infer the mutation rate per nucleotide site, Extended regions of suspected mis-assembly in the rat reference genome, Towards a reference genome that captures global genetic diversity, Population structure and inbreeding in wild house mice (Mus musculus) at different geographic scales, Towards complete and error-free genome assemblies of all vertebrate species, The sequences of 150,119 genomes in the UK Biobank, A unified catalog of 204,938 reference genomes from the human gut microbiome, https://github.com/ucsc-mus-strain-cactus/MouseGenomesAnnotationPipeline, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006886, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/02/11/088435, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Analysis of structural variation among inbred mouse strains, Multiple genome alignment in the telomere-to-telomere assembly era, Genetic quality: a complex issue for experimental study reproducibility, MoG+: a database of genomic variations across three mouse subspecies for biomedical research, Sign up for Nature Briefing: Translational Research. Retrotransposition of gene transcripts leads to structural variation in mammalian genomes. Familiarize yourself with local cannabis laws and regulations regarding marijuana use, possession, and purchase. The Mroh3 gene, which was originally annotated as an unprocessed pseudogene, was updated to a protein-coding gene due to the identification of a novel intron that permitted extension of the CDS to full length. Clin. Science 343, 428432 (2014). We're still trying figure out what flavors or effects you've experienced - if it was good leave us an review below so other users know too Fixed chromatin was then digested with restriction enzyme Mbo I, the 5 overhangs were filled in with biotinylated nucleotides and then free blunt-ends were ligated. 116, Supplementary Tables 126 and Supplementary Note, Novel genes predicted in classical and wild-derived mouse strains, hSNP-dense regions in C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NJ and issues of GRCm38, Defense and immunity genes found in hSNP-dense regions, Assembly quality control of three immunity-related loci in WSB/EiJ, PWK/PhJ and CAST/EiJ, Reference corrections through strain assembly information, Phenotype of Efcab3-like/ mouse compared to control group, Definition of repeat classes and families. Population variation in NAIP functional copy number confers increased cell death upon Legionella pneumophila infection. This plant takes 7-10 weeks to flower and is speculated to have its genetic origins from Jamaica. Neuroanatomical data (Supplementary Table 16) were analyzed using Students two-tailed equal variance test. 2c). Ragout identifies large conserved regions between genomes (hierarchical synteny blocks) by combining the whole genome alignment with a de Bruijn graph simplification algorithm66. Uteroglobin: a potential novel tumor suppressor and molecular therapeutic for prostate cancer. Cannabis strains are generally classified into three main types: Indica, Sativa, and Hybrid. Protoc. Bruce Banner | Gentleman Toker Zhang, Z. et al. We use cookies for certain features and to improve your experience. Large gene families in which little functional information is known were also identified. It's also good for growing outdoors because it has an average flowering time of 54-61 days, and it can reach heights of 60-80 cm (24 - 32 inches). 13, R18 (2012). Here we generate the first chromosome-scale genome assemblies for 12 classical and 4 wild-derived inbred strains, thus revealing at unprecedented resolution the striking strain-specific allelic diversity that encompasses 0.52.8% (14.475.5 Mb, excluding C57BL/6NJ) of the mouse genome. Frosted Cherry Cookies Calm. THC volume50,pages 15741583 (2018)Cite this article. Your reply has been sent for verification, 2023 AskGrowers.com. Lanier, L. L. Evolutionary struggles between NK cells and viruses. By providing us with your email address, you agree to Leafly'sTerms of ServiceandPrivacy Policy. Methylenedinitramine was observed as a transient intermediate, indicating ring cleavage had occurred. We examined three immunity-related loci on chromosome 11, IRG (GRCm38: 48.8549.10 Mb), Nlrp1 (71.0571.30 Mb), and Slfn (82.983.3 Mb) because of their polymorphic complexity and importance for mouse survival48,49,50. Shultz, L. D., Ishikawa, F. & Greiner, D. L. Humanized mice in translational biomedical research. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles All AugustusCGP transcripts that partially aligned to a reference transcript annotated as pseudogene or non-coding gene were also discarded. Best Cannabis Strains for Sexual Arousal Finally, if the AugustusCGP transcript was not assigned to any gene, it was incorporated as a putative novel gene. Khan MI, Yoo K, Kim S, Cheema SA, Bashir S, Park J. J Microbiol Biotechnol. Evolution of the Schlafen genes, a gene family associated with embryonic lethality, meiotic drive, immune processes and orthopoxvirus virulence. You might feel like you want to take a nap after smoking this weed, but don't worry the happiness will keep you from actually falling asleep. These windows were then intersected with GENCODE M8 gene annotations; the total number of unique genes and base pair positions overlapping pass windows for each strain was calculated (Fig. Medical patients choose Head space to relieve symptoms of stress, pain Diefenbach, A., Jamieson, A. M., Liu, S. D., Shastri, N. & Raulet, D. H. Ligands for the murine NKG2D receptor: expression by tumor cells and activation of NK cells and macrophages. Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature 409, 860921 (2001). The number of read pairs produced and fold physical coverage (150 kb pairs) for each genome was: 374 million, 34 for PWK/PhJ; 373 million, 41 for SPRET/EiJ; and 380 million, 77 for CAST/EiJ. This process allows for the rescue of genes lost in the first round of filtering and consensus finding, as well as the discovery of polymorphic pseudogenes in the laboratory mouse lineage. 7). We thank V. Vancollie for assistance with phenotyping data. Simpson, J. T. & Durbin, R. Efficient de novo assembly of large genomes using compressed data structures. Dashed box indicates unconfirmed gene order. Science 346, 987991 (2014). Parasitology 142(Suppl, 1), S108S119 (2015). & Bui, J. D. Studies of the H60a locus in C57BL/6 and 129/Sv mouse strains identify the H60a 3UTR as a regulator of H60a expression. Top autoflower seeds to grow for spring and summer 2023. However, the most consistent reports maintain that a Cherry Pie/Burmese Thai cross makes Leafly is not engaged in rendering medical service or advice and the information provided is not a substitute for a professional medical opinion. Due to popularity, many cultivars of the same name have cropped up, leading to confusion and dispute over the original genetics and breeder. Liebenauer, L. L. & Slotnick, B. M. Social organization and aggression in a group of olfactory bulbectomized male mice. Briefly, the constitutive coding exon 5 (chromosome 11: 104700610-104700692, GRCm38), which is well-supported by RNA-Seq data in multiple tissues (ENSMUST00000212287; ENSMUSE00000376310 (ENSEMBL v90)) was deleted using the SpCas9 endonuclease to induce a frameshift mutation. Headspace has a modest amount of 19% THC on average although this number could vary from one grower to another. The genome sequencing reads are available from the European Nucleotide Archive and the assemblies are part of BioProject PRJNA310854 (Supplementary Table 22). The site is secure. Strain-specific gene sets (Supplementary Data 3) and PantherDB classifications are contained in Supplementary Table 10. Comparative gene prediction identified the full-length version in orangutan, rhesus macaque, bushbaby, and squirrel monkey. Of the 785 predictions investigated, 62 led to the annotation of new loci, including 19 protein-coding genes and 6 pseudogenes (Supplementary Table 14 and Supplementary Data 8). The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article. Rasmussen, A. L. et al. Immunol. 2003 Dec;63(2):187-93. doi: 10.1007/s00253-003-1364-x. GTEx Consortium. Simultaneous access to many rodent species assemblies, in parallel with individual-level gene predictions, expression and long-read data, facilitated the accurate prediction of many strain-specific haplotypes and gene isoforms. The combined SNP and indel error rate was 0.090.1 errors per kb, compared to 0.334 for MGSCv3 and 0.02 for GRCm38 (Supplementary Table 5). Neuroanatomical studies were performed blind with experimenters not knowing the genotype of the mouse, on three 16-week-old matched control male mice in C57BL/6N background and three 16-week-old homozygous knockout of Efcab3. d, Representative sagittal brain images of matched controls (left) and Efcab3-like mutant (right), showing a larger cerebellum, enlarged lateral ventricle and increased size of the pontine nuclei (n=3, see Supplementary Fig. 1, https://doi.org/10.2478/mngs-2013-0001 (2013). Semin. Nature 491, 125128 (2012). Am. The SV1 isoform in C57BL/6J is derived from truncated ancestral paralogs of Nlrp1b and Nlrp1d, indicating that Nlrp1d was lost in the C57BL/6J lineage. Arbogast, T. et al. Planta. In mouse, IRG protein family members contribute to the adaptive immune system by conferring resistance against intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Toxoplasma gondii56. Genome 22, 4354 (2011). Explore the rich history of cannabis, from its earliest recorded use to its current place in society. The aim was to try to produce all splice forms from the reference (parent) genome that probably also exist in the target genome. Headspace Careers. AskGrowers is an encyclopedia with cannabis-related data. The Aspergillus-resistant locus 4 (Asprl4), one of several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that mediate resistance against Aspergillus fumigatus infection, overlaps this locus and comprises of a 1 Mb (~10% of QTL) interval that, compared to other classical strains, contains a haplotype unique to NZO/HlLtJ (Supplementary Fig. Grape MAC Marijuana Strain Information | Wikileaf Mouse Biol. 2017 Apr;6(2):e00423. The origin of the strain is very controversial, but, in both instances, its genealogy includes OG Kush and Durban Poison, which gives it a minty and pungent punch with a sweet after-burst. The pontine nuclei were also increased in size by 42% (P=0.001) and the cerebellum by 27% (P=0.02); these two regions are involved in motor activity (Fig. Libido definitely improved. eLife 2, e01298 (2013). Strain-specific defense genes are listed in Supplementary Data 4. Biotin-containing fragments were then isolated using streptavidin beads before PCR enrichment of each library. We're still trying to learn more about the flavors and effects of Headspace - if you've smoked, dabbed, or consumed this strain before, tell us about it by leaving a review. Frosted Cherry Cookies is a great daytime strain for experienced users, but also pleasant for anyone smoking at the end of the night. WebIn live cultures containing an N2-CO2 headspace, RDX was not degraded, and no acetate was formed. Positive F0 mice were further bred with C57BL/6NTac mice. For the strains with AugustusPB transcripts, they were combined with the AugustusCGP transcripts and placed through the same consensus-finding process described above. Bruce Banner is a powerful hybrid cross between Strawberry Diesel and Ghosts cut of OG Kush. Headspace 28g The Collaborative Cross, a community resource for the genetic analysis of complex traits. and JavaScript. Our data elucidated copy number variation previously unknown in mouse strain genomes and uncovered gene expansions, contractions, and novel alleles (<80% sequence identity). Members of group 4 Slfn genes50, Slfn8, Slfn9, and Slfn10, show significant sequence diversity among these strains. All of the wild-derived strains we sequenced contain full-length Nlrp1d and exhibit a similar disruption of co-linearity at these alleles relative to C57BL/6J (Supplementary Data 6). We used these genomes to improve the mouse reference genome, resulting in the completion of 10 new gene structures.
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