Non-systemic endophytes have also been shown to become pathogenic to their host plants under stressful or resource limited growing conditions. The products provide high resistance to foliar lawn pests such as billbugs, chinch bugs, sod webworms, fall army-worms and Argentine stem weevils, but offer little protection to pests of grass roots such as grubs. [73], There are several endophytes that have been discovered that exhibit insecticidal properties. [28] One group of fungal endophytes are the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi involving biotrophic Glomeromycota associated with various plant species. 2021 Jan;48(1):184-191. doi: 10.1111/cup.13861. J Cutan Pathol. One such endophyte comes from the Nodulisporium sp. Squamous keratinocytes are more common in this variant compared to basaloid cells. The eruption was initially treated with topical 5-FU twice daily for 4 weeks to treat his large hyperkeratotic lesions on the lower legs that were concerning for multifocal eruptive squamous atypia There are two different means of classifying endophytes. Endophytic fungi produce many secondary compounds such as alkaloids, triterpenes and steroids which have been shown to have anti-tumor effects. B, Koilocytes are readily found in the upper epidermis, while the remaining keratinocytes are cytologically uniform and bland (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 10 [A] and 200 [B]). 2020;14(4):91522. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. Compared to condyloma acuminatum, the fibrovascular cores in papillary SCC are more irregular, and the tumor base is ragged (owing to stromal invasion) as opposed to round.37,51 It also differs from condyloma acuminatum and warty/warty-basaloid squamous neoplasms by the absence of koilocytes (Figure 5, B). There was a belief that plants were healthy under sterile conditions and it was not until 1887 that Victor Galippe discovered bacteria normally occurring inside plant tissues. C, A defining feature is the presence of xanthomatous (foam) cells in the dermal papillae (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 40 [A], 200 [B], and 400 [C]). Through association with fungal endophytes, the root and shoot structures of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) saplings in low-nutrient conditions have been shown to be elongated, as well as undergo overall biomass increases. The most comprehensive study reported 35 cases of penile papillary SCC, most of which occurred on the glans with or without involvement of the coronal sulcus and foreskin.51 The tumors form white-grey, irregular masses with serrated surfaces. Manipulations of a plant's endosymbiots can affect plant development, growth and ultimately the quality and quantity of compounds harvested from the plant. Malignant transformation risk of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis. Immunohistochemical staining for the differentiation of subungual keratoacanthoma from subungual squamous cell carcinoma. In Search of Nodular Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia: A Distinct Entity or Simply Hyperplastic Polyps Arising in Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia. 2012 May;103(4):308-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.09.004. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The elongated rete ridges tend to converge toward the center of the lesion (in-toeing) (Figure 7, A). Conspicuous parakeratosis fills many gaps between the verrucous projections, giving rise to a firm and rigid appearance. [57][58] Endophyte bioprospecting has already yielded compounds with antibacterial,[59][60] antifungal,[61] antiviral,[61] antiparasitic,[62] cytotoxic,[59][63] neuroprotective,[62] antioxidant,[62] insulin-mimetic,[62] -glucosidase inhibitory,[61] and immunosuppressant[62] properties. Squamous cell papilloma (SCP) is defined as a benign proliferation of the surface epithelium of various organs including the skin, lip, tongue, oral cavity, larynx, This cancer is classified into three subtypes (superficial, exophytic, and endophytic) based on macroscopic appearance. Results: PubMed Central Keratinocytes in the spinous layer are markedly enlarged with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and minimal nuclear atypia (Figure 3, B).25,28 Scattered dyskeratotic cells are common.24 An important diagnostic criterion is the absence of koilocytes, which distinguishes it from giant condyloma acuminatum. A common diagnostic quandary is regarding anogenital seborrheic keratosis (SK)like lesions without identifiable koilocytes (Figure 1, C). Atypical Squamous Proliferation: What Lies Beneath?, Dermatologic Surgery | 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.01895.x | DeepDyve DeepDyve Get 20M+ Full-Text Papers For Less Than $1.50/day. 1985;60(3):28598. No external funding was obtained for this study, with support from institutional review boards and the sponsoring societies. This class of non-clavicipitaceous endophytes has been the most extensively researched and has been shown to enhance fitness benefits of their plant host as a result of habitat-specific stresses such as pH, temperature and salinity. Biopsy shows an endophytic squamous cell proliferation extending to the deep margin. PubMed Contrary to historical belief, giant condyloma acuminatum and verrucous carcinoma should be considered distinct entities based on different pathogenetic pathways. [52][53], A strain of endophytic fungi which appeared to be closely related to Nigrograna mackinnonii which was isolated from a stem of the plant Guazuma ulmifolia collected in Ecuador was found to produce a variety of volatile organic compounds including terpenes and odd chain polyenes. Indian J Dent Res. Woo SB. 1980;46(8):185562. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. Ancillary tools available for identifying and genotyping human papillomavirus can aid in diagnosis when histopathologic findings are inconclusive. They were thought to be plant parasitic fungi and they were later termed as "microzymas" by the French scientist Bchamp. [22] Specifically, evidence points to endophytes producing ABA to affect stomatal conductance as well as microbial respiration and plants recycling CO2. The presence of these metabolites in plants could be attributable to endophyte production alone, or to combined endophyte and plant production following transfer of the corresponding genes from endophyte to plant or vice versa. [22], In an experiment investigating the interaction between Miscanthus sinensis and the plant endophyte Herbaspirillum frisingense, a roughly 20% increase in fresh biomass was observed in M. sinensis following inoculation with H. Conspicuous parakeratosis fills many gaps between the Feller L, Wood NH, Raubenheimer EJ. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. [2] Though, most of the endophytic studies reports the mutualistic relationship of bacteria and fungus, Das et al., (2019) reported about endophytic virome and their probable function in plant defense mechanisms. 6 months later, the biopsy showed overlying thickened parakeratin alternating with parakeratin with serum accumulation (b). 2015;9(7):Zc17-22. A, An exophytic and endophytic verrucous squamous proliferation with a bulbous, pushing base. Papillary squamous cell carcinoma. Recognition of relatively rare entities such as bowenoid papulosis, epidermolytic acanthoma, and verruciform xanthoma would avoid overdiagnosis and unnecessary, overaggressive treatment. The 14 remaining tumors had more prominent cytologic atypia and remained classified as SCC. 1999;28(6):2747. The endophytes can survive most pesticides and are even resistant to some fungicides, and are very suitable for use in Integrated Pest Management. Recipient(s) will receive an email with a link to 'Verruciform and Condyloma-like Squamous Proliferations in the Anogenital Region' and will not need an account to access the content. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Head Neck Pathol. Search for other works by this author on: Systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of genital warts, Evidence of human papillomavirus vaccine effectiveness in reducing genital warts: an analysis of California public family planning administrative claims data, 2007-2010, Early impact of Ontario's human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program on anogenital warts (AGWs): a population-based assessment, Decline in genital warts diagnoses among young women and young men since the introduction of the bivalent HPV (16/18) vaccination programme in England: an ecological analysis, Correlation of human papillomavirus types with clinical features of patients with condyloma acuminatum in China, Coexisting high-grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and condyloma acuminatum: independent lesions due to different HPV types occurring in immunocompromised patients, Coexistence of condylomata acuminata with warty squamous cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in condylomas, intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive carcinoma of the penis using laser capture microdissection (LCM)-PCR: a study of 191 lesions in 43 patients, Correlation of histology and human papillomavirus DNA detection in condyloma acuminatum and condyloma-like vulvar lesions, Seborrheic keratoses from the genital region may contain human papillomavirus DNA, Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in seborrheic keratosis by polymerase chain reaction, Immunophenotypic and viral (human papillomavirus) correlates of vulvar seborrheic keratosis, Genital seborrheic keratoses are human papillomavirus-related lesions: a linear array genotyping test study. Oral epithelial dysplasia and premalignancy. This compound acts like insulin and has been shown to lower blood glucose levels in mouse model experiments. A, An exophytic and endophytic verrucous squamous proliferation with a bulbous, pushing base. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-020-01262-9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-020-01262-9. 2008;58(1):1517. Benign alveolar ridge keratosis: clinical and histopathologic analysis of 167 cases. volume15,pages 572587 (2021)Cite this article. When verrucous carcinoma forms on your feet, they manage it as a skin cancer. [13][14] Some fungal and bacterial endophytes have proven to increase plant growth and improve overall plant hardiness. Verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. 2017;18(12):32514. J Oral Pathol Med. Koilocytosis may be subtle but often can be appreciated in a background of hypergranulosis. Squamous cell papilloma (SCP) is generally a human papillomavirus (HPV) induced exophytic or endophytic proliferation on the surface of the skin, oral cavity, larynx, esophagus, cervix, vagina, and anal canal. Parakeratosis is usually more abundant than in condyloma acuminatum.37 The key distinguishing feature is the presence of cytologic atypia in that the keratinocytes in the lower epithelium are enlarged and pleomorphic (Figure 4, B). frisingense. Its giant variant (giant condyloma acuminatum of Buschke-Lwenstein) is discussed separately in the next section. WebAn endophytic fungus, Pseudocercosporella trichachnicola, was found to be widespread in the warm-season grass species Trichachne insularis ( White et al., 1990 ). J Am Dent Assoc. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13363. Oral Dis. Article On the other hand, bulky squamous epithelial proliferation that expands the epithelial thickness at least three-fold is concerning for developing ED. The rest of the keratinocytes lack cytologic atypia and mature orderly toward the surface. Twenty of 30 tumors (including the KASPs) from the 6 different patients lacked detectable TP53 mutations. [71] Endophytes accomplish this by increasing the uptake of valuable land limited nutrients from the soil such as phosphorus and making other plant nutrients available to plants such as rock phosphate and atmospheric nitrogen which are normally trapped in forms that are inaccessible to plants. [73] Despite this, the interest and use of bio-insecticides and using endophytes to aid in plant growth is increasing as organic and sustainable agriculture is considered more important. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity and oral dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of malignant transformation rate by subtype. 2016;20(2):2618. 2012;17(6):e93542. Women with multiple squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the legs have a striking clinical phenotype. In contrast, basaloid HSIL is characterized by a flat surface and minimal maturation from the basal layer to the granular layer. D, There is strong and diffuse p16 immunostaining within the lesion (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 20 [A], 200 [B], 40 [C], and 200 [C, inset]; original magnification 100 [D]). Watkins JC, Howitt BE, Horowitz NS, Ritterhouse LL, Dong F, MacConaill LE, et al. Differentiated exophytic vulvar intraepithelial lesions are genetically distinct from keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas and contain mutations in PIK3CA. Mod Pathol. 2017;30:44858. ", "Sustaining the growth of Pinaceae trees under nutrient-limited edaphic conditions via plant-beneficial bacteria", "Determining the Sources of Primary and Secondary Inoculum and Seasonal Inoculum Dynamics of Fungal Pathogens Causing Fruit Rot of Deciduous Holly", "Quantification of Colletotrichum fioriniae in Orchards and Deciduous Forests Indicates It Is Primarily a Leaf Endophyte", "Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: Their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization", "University of Rhode Island GreenShare Factsheets: Endopyhte-Enhanced Grasses", "The production of myco-diesel hydrocarbons and their derivatives by the endophytic fungus Gliocladium roseum (NRRL 50072)", "Volatile organic compound production by organisms in the genus Ascocoryne and a re-evaluation of myco-diesel production by NRRL 50072", "Biosynthesis and genomic analysis of medium-chain hydrocarbon production by the endophytic fungal isolate Nigrograna mackinnonii E5202H", "Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi", "Cytotoxic and antibacterial naphthoquinones from an endophytic fungus, Cladosporium sp", "Bioprospecting for antibacterial drugs: a multidisciplinary perspective on natural product source material, bioassay selection and avoidable pitfalls", "Lead compounds from mangrove-associated microorganisms", "Solamargine production by a fungal endophyte of Solanum nigrum", "Anti-mycobacterial activity of marine fungus-derived 4-deoxybostrycin and nigrosporin", "Piriformospora indica-a mutualistic basidiomycete with an exceptionally large plant host range", "Broad-spectrum inhibition of Phytophthora infestans by fungal endophytes", "Do grasses fight back? Class 1 endophytes are mainly transmitted from host to host by vertical transmission, in which maternal plants pass fungi on to their offspring through seeds. Ackerman LV. There is no evidence of koilocytosis (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 20 [A] and 200 [B]). This is a small series. Verruciform xanthoma. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; however, most of the endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood.
