of Jussieu, Bernard de. In 1775 Mesmer revised his theory of "animal gravitation" to one of "animal magnetism," wherein the invisible fluid in the body acted according to the laws of magnetism. ), Curious Coincidences: the Parallel Lives of Fabre dOlivet and Johann Friedrich Hugo von Dalberg, https://franklinpapers.org/framedVolumes.jsp?tocvol=45. Mesmer disappeared for long periods of time to attend the women, which led to some raised eyebrows. With this in mind, age 12, he was sent to the Jesuit College in the university city of Konstanz. autosuggestion generated from within the mind". Harking back to his doctoral thesis, Mesmer believed he understood how Hells magnet therapy worked. "Mesmer" redirects here. A healer or a charlatan? For many, this is the direct link to hypnotism and later modern psychology. He created the baquet, a shallow wooden tub filled with magnetized water and iron bars that was large enough to treat thirty patients at a time. Mesmer's theory attracted a wide following between about 1780 and 1850, and continued to have some influence until the end of the 19th century. A historian of medicine, Porter was drawn to this subject by Mesmer and his acolytes' therapeutic approach. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 72, no. This power was later recognized as the genuine phenomenon of hypnosis (or mesmerism). In the same way, Mesmer's sixth sense registered the movements of the universal fluid through which all events reverberated. It pointed to the existence of a hidden force, animal magnetism, which binds the universe together and regulates the inner balance within the human body. 1 (March 1957), 42-46. Franz Mesmer was a proponent of ________ A. humanitarianism B. community mental health clinics C. the mental hygiene movement D. planetary influence on magnetic fluid in the body D. planetary influence on magnetic fluid in the body The _________ was organized in 1946 and provided active support for research and clinical training programs Inside, their atmosphere was murky and suggestive, with drawn curtains, thick carpets and astrological wall-decorations. Los Altos: William Kaufman, 1980. Mesmer said that while Gassner was sincere in his beliefs, his cures resulted because he possessed a high degree of animal magnetism. He responded by abandoning both Vienna and his wife. RM A9NNCE - Franz Anton Mesmer, 1734 - 1815. The commission published over 20,000 copies of the report. Steven Novella, a neurologist and the founding editor of the site Science-Based Medicine, sees William as part of a lineage of health-oriented operators including Cayce and Franz Mesmer, the late . His treatments were fashionable among the wealthiest citizens of Vienna and Paris, earning Mesmer a fortune. Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) was a German physician with an interest in astronomy, who theorized that there was a natural energetic transference that occurred between all animated and inanimate objects that he called magnt. Vienna was then the capital of a large European empire: a political, cultural and scientific nerve center. Chemical anaesthesia was not introduced until 1846. The crises, and Mesmer's flamboyant style in producing them, contributed to the notoriety of his methods. He magnetized trees in his garden and chairs in his practice rooms to benefit his patients. Prcis historique des faits relatifs au magntisme animal jusqu'en avril 1781. He became an increasingly public and controversial figure, giving lectures and demonstrations throughout the Hapsburg empire. These were exciting times in Vienna it was the center of the musical world and in the year of his marriage Mesmer commissioned new kid on the block Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, only 12 years old, to write the operetta Bastien und Bastienne. He studied theology and medicine at the universities of Ingolstadt (Germany) and Vienna (Austria). His father, Anton Mesmer, was a forest warden employed by the Archbishop of Konstanz. They attributed the visceral, physical drama of mesmeric crises to an immaterial cause. A Fix for the Unfixable: Making the First Heart-Lung Machine. Franz Anton Mesmer, a doctor from the Swabian village of Iznang, was born on 23 May 1734, the third of nine children of a gamekeeper and forest warden to the Archbishop of Constance. Affiliation 1 Emeritus Professor of Surgery, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Biomedical Sciences, London SE1 1UL. Many of Mesmers patients responded to these therapies and claimed themselves cured, but he also faced skeptics, including Jean Baptiste LeRoy, head of the French Royal Academy of Sciences. Plenty of evidence was placed before the commission indicating there was a real effect. By 1778 Newtons physics ruled, and many saw no essential difference between Mesmers animal magnetism and the invisible force that Newton argued moved the planets around the Sun. Mesmer, who truly believed in his ability to control his invisible fluid, quickly gained fame, fortune, and many patients. Joseph Ennemoser (15 November 1787 - 19 September 1854) was a South Tyrolean physician and stubborn late proponent of Franz Mesmer 's theories of animal magnetism. For the internal sense to function at its peak, the other senses must be silent, as was the case during sleep or hypnosis, a technique developed by one of Mesmer's disciples, the marquis de Puysgur. From Mesmer to Freud: Magnetic Sleep and the Roots of Psychological Healing. After an inquiry into the practices of Mesmer protg Charles dEslon, it was determined that no such fluid existed. The commission concluded that there was no evidence for such a fluid. Disease was the result of obstacles in the fluids flow through the body, and these obstacles could be broken by crises (trance states often ending in delirium or convulsions) in order to restore the harmony of personal fluid flow. [1] Biography Influenced by Isaac Newtons ideas about the role of heavenly bodies on ocean tides, in 1766 he published a doctoral thesis titled De planetarum influxu in corpus humanum (On the Influence of the Planets on the Human Body). He established a theory of illness that involved internal magnetic forces, which he . Artist: Unknown. Mesmer devised various therapeutic treatments to achieve harmonious fluid flow, and in many of these treatments he was a forceful and rather dramatic personal participant. It was not Mesmer, then, but his investigators who made mesmerism into the source of a new psychology, a nascent theory of the unconscious that credited the mind with startling powers over the body. Whatever may be said about his therapeutic system, Mesmer did often achieve a close rapport with his patients and seems to have actually alleviated certain nervous disorders in them. All rights reserved. If a magnetic fluid truly existed, and it must exist if magnet therapy worked, then Hells magnets were most likely curing people by causing an artificial tide in this fluid. Influenced by the views of the 16th century alchemist Paracelsus, the dissertation was also largely plagiarized from the English physician Richard Mead's De imperio solis ac lunae in corpora humana et morbis inde oriundis (1704). Franz Gall wrote about phrenology. Paris, 1785. He also believed he could control the flow of this fluid, which he claimed governed, penetrated, and surrounded all bodies, and use it to heal patients. Edmonston Publishing, Inc, 1994. Hypnotized subjects were further able to "pre-sense" their future sufferings and the dates of their cures.[4]. He was a son of master forester Anton Mesmer (1701after 1747) and his wife, Maria Ursula (ne Michel; 17011770). He used animal magnetism to cure diseases. He would magnetize patients clothes and beds so they could receive the healing fluid every hour of the day. The newspapers talked of Mesmeromania sweeping through the city. [4] Evidence assembled by Frank A. Pattie suggests that Mesmer plagiarized[5] a part of his dissertation from a work[6] by Richard Mead, an eminent English physician and Newton's friend. Corrections? Donaldson, I.M.L., "Mesmer's 1780 Proposal for a Controlled Trial to Test his Method of Treatment Using 'Animal Magnetism'", Pattie, F.A., "Mesmer's Medical Dissertation and Its Debt to Mead's, "Condorcet and mesmerism: a record in the history of scepticism", Condorcet manuscript (1784), online and analyzed on, This page was last edited on 20 February 2023, at 17:10. Franz Anton Mesmer (/ m z m r /; German: ; 23 May 1734 - 5 March 1815) was a German physician with an interest in astronomy.He theorised the existence of a natural energy transference occurring between all animated and inanimate objects; this he called "animal magnetism", sometimes later referred to as mesmerism.Mesmer's theory attracted a wide following between about 1780 and 1850 . Translated by George Bloch. Afterwards, Le Roy would have nothing to do with Mesmer. RM C13JG3 - Friedrich Anton Mesmer (1734 . Mesmer finally settled in the Swiss town of Frauenfeld, close to Lake Constance, the lake whose shores he had grown up beside. Alternatively, they opposed their own magnetic poles to those of the magnetizer (Mesmer himself or one of the many followers he quickly attracted) by placing their knees between his. Mesmer was working attempting to heal a woman by having her drink an iron-based liquid before he moved magnets over her body. In 1774, age 40, Mesmer latched on to news coming from the Jesuit astronomer & astrologer Maximilian Hell, who was apparently curing illnesses using magnet therapy.. His wealthy new clients paid Mesmer very high fees for treatments. Mesmer was born in 1734 in Iznang, Germany to a forest warden and a locksmiths daughter. The advantage of magnetism involved accelerating such crises without danger. Franz Anton Mesmer was born on May 23, 1734 in the small village of Iznang in southern Germany. Relics from a lab hint at centuries spent trying to solve diabetes. Fortunately, the resourceful doctor harnessed his supposed ability to transfer animal magnetism to inanimate objects and built a helpful contraption, which he called the baquet. JOHANNA MAYER: Before he became Mesmer the Mesmerizer, Franz Anton Mesmer was a conventional doctor in Vienna who stuck to accepted medical practices of the 1770s. [15] Mesmer continued to practice in Frauenfeld, Switzerland, for a number of years and died in 1815 in Meersburg. These included the chemist Antoine Lavoisier, the doctor Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, the astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly, and the American ambassador Benjamin Franklin.[13]. Yet patients both rich and poor flocked to these treatments. Edited by Georges Lapassade and Philippe Pdelahore. Iron rods protruded from the top, which patients would press to the ailing parts of their bodies. Like these other fluids, the animal magnetic aether made itself known through its effects. Morrison and Gibb Ltd., London and Edinburgh, 1934, Henri Ellenberger Before long, Mesmer was inundated with as many as 200 clients a day, making it difficult to treat them individually. According to Mesmer, animal magnetism could be activated by any magnetized object and manipulated by any trained person. 1854). Modern hypnosis started with the Austrian physician Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), who believed that the phenomenon known as mesmerism, or animal magnetism, or fluidum was related to an invisible substance--a fluid that runs within the subject or between the subject and the therapist, that is, the hypnotist, or the "magnetizer". Sadly, what Mesmer did not know is that when his treatment worked, it worked because of the power of suggestion. 3 (1998): 389-433. The French King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette were impressed by Mesmers pseudoscience and gave him money to support his work. Reporting from: https://exhibits.stanford.edu/super-e/feature/franz-anton-mesmer-1734-1815, The Super-Enlightenment - Spotlight at Stanford, Claude Henri de Rouvroy de Saint-Simon (1760-1825), Jean-Louis Viel de Saint-Maux (1744?-1795? After a year he decided to drop Law and study Medicine instead. His followers did the same; they characterized their doctrine as rigorously empirical. Reprinted in Alexandre Bertrand, Du magntisme animal en France, et des jugements qu'en ports les socits savants (Paris, 1826); 151-206. While she wore the blindfold, one of the commissioners played the role of Deslon, who had agreed to serve as the commission's mesmerist, and pretended to "magnetize" her, successfully causing a mesmeric crisis. Bailly, Jean-Sylvain. RM MC6F29 - Occultist Portrait of Franz Anton Mesmer (1733-1815), the mesmerist and hypnosist, proponent of the so-called Animal-Fluid, or Animla Magnetism. One of the commissioners, the botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu took exception to the official reports. The commission included such scientific heavyweights as Benjamin Franklin and Antoine Lavoisier. While that may sound like some sort of sexy super power, Mesmers meaning was a bit more literal. Basic Books, 1970. ________. Each bottle held an iron rod, which emerged from the tub for patients to hold, allowing magnetic fluid to enter their bodies. Paris initially proved fertile ground for him. The Vienna scandal didnt seem to damage his credibility much, and there were plenty of rich, ailing, bored aristocrats in need of his services. Bordeaux: Editions Privat, 1986. The afflicted sat in a circle around the baquet, hands linked, receiving a healing dose of Mesmer vibes. Mesmer himself dressed impressively in a lilac taffeta gown. As an honest physician, Mesmer only ever claimed his treatments were useful for people affected by nervous complaints illnesses whose origins were psychosomatic i.e. To cure an insane person, for example, involved causing a fit of madness. Mesmer believed he had discovered a fluid, something akin to electricity, which he called animal magnetism. More in our essay by Urte Laukaityte on how a craze for animal magnetism sessions in 18th-century Paris (and. Annals of Science 2, no. was an editorial intern at the Institute. He stares fixedly into the patients eyes, stroking her limbs, and then passing his hands in front of her body in a series of cryptic motions. 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars. In 1785 Mesmer simply disappeared, leaving no forwarding address. The citys medical establishment soon turned against him. Here are some sentences.I am a proponent of change.Mike is a proponent of the new law.The church is a proponent of tolerance between. mesmer a proponent of What is project proponent mean? Mesmerism and the End of Enlightenment in France. [3] After studying at the Jesuit universities of Dillingen and Ingolstadt, he took up the study of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1759. Franz Anton Mesmer. Mesmer soon elaborated this practice, adding a theory from his doctoral thesis, which hypothesized a fluid from the stars that flowed into a northern pole in the human head and out of a southern one at the feet. Worinnen Man Seine Grunds zze, Seine Theorie, Und Die Mittel Findet Selbst Zu Magnetisiren. Although seen as disreputable by the medical profession, he was a very wealthy man: he could afford the elite lifestyle of an aristocrat. His quest for official sponsorship met with more mixed results. Here are some sentences.I am a proponent of change.Mike is a proponent of the new law.The church is a proponent of tolerance between. Patients reported they were captivated by Mesmers piercing stare. Franz Anton Mesmer, (born May 23, 1734, Iznang, Swabia [Germany]died March 5, 1815, Meersburg, Swabia), German physician whose system of therapeutics, known as mesmerism, was the forerunner of the modern practice of hypnotism. Upon the iron filings he placed bottles of water magnetized by touch. B., Sallin, C. L., Bailly, J-S., d'Arcet, J., de Bory, G., Guillotin, J-I., and Lavoisier, A., "Report of the Commissioners charged by the King with the Examination of Animal Magnetism". 1808 . The King feared Mesmer might wield a sinister influence over the Queen. 1932). Mmoire de F.A. Paris, 1784. Arriving in February 1778, Mesmer established a clinic in the Place Vendme that became an overnight success. Sentence. The work was performed in Mesmers private theater in his garden. Franz Anton Mesmer (/mzmr/;[1] German: [msm]; 23 May 1734 5 March 1815) was a German physician with an interest in astronomy. A woman with an ailment described as hysteria swallowed an iron preparation, then Mesmer fixed magnets around her body. (A top secret supplementary report, for the King's eyes only, noted that mesmeric patients were usually women and mesmerists always men. Franklin, B., Majault, M. J., Le Roy, J. Mesmer applied for endorsement to the Academy of Sciences, the Society of Medicine and the Faculty of Medicine. Just as Mesmer had failed as a scientist by misinterpreting hypnosis as a magnetic fluid, the eminent scientists of the commission failed to recognize there was a real phenomenon at work in Mesmers patients. Franz Mesmer's hypnotic health craze Employing his theories of animal magnetism, Franz Mesmer conducts a therapy session with his patients positioned around a large baquet. Toulouse: Privat, 1971. Annals of Science 13, no. From Mesmers point of view his patients were sick because their bodies: Mesmers animal magnetism and magnetic fluid were wholly fictitious. By 1777, Mesmers failures were growing in number. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In 19th-century Britain mesmerism enjoyed a short-lived vogue. [3], Here, again, Mesmer drew on physiologists' accounts of sensation as the interface between aetherial fluids inside and outside the brain. "Self-Evidence." If the fluid became unevenly distributed, there would be ill health. With his medical degree secured, Mesmer began courting Maria Anna von Posch, recently widowed, ten years older than him, and extremely wealthy. Her illnesses had a cyclical nature, which led Mesmer to try out his animal magnetism as a curative. "Rapport de l'un des commissaires chargs par le Roi de l'examen du magntisme animal." In 1768, when court intrigue prevented the performance of La finta semplice (K. 51), for which the twelve-year-old Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart had composed 500 pages of music, Mesmer is said to have arranged a performance in his garden of Mozart's Bastien und Bastienne (K. 50), a one-act opera,[8] though Mozart's biographer Nissen found no proof that this performance actually took place. Hypnosis as we know it today had its origins in the unique medical practices of Dr. Franz Anton Mesmer, a physician who lived in Vienna, Austria during the mid 18th Century. Published in translation as "Physical-Medical Treatise in the Influence of the Planets" in Mesmerism (1980), 3-20. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. In 1775, Mesmer was invited to give his opinion before the Munich Academy of Sciences on the exorcisms carried out by Johann Joseph Gassner (Ganer), a priest and healer who grew up in Vorarlberg, Austria. Crabtree, Adam. The Hague, 1784. Apart from Puysgur, his two leading disciples were Nicolas Bergasse, a lawyer from Lyon, and Guillaume Kornmann, a banker from Strasbourg. He considered that his own body enjoyed a significant abundance of magnetic fluid, which he could pass on to his patients. Seventy years ago, a group of stubborn Philadelphiascientists and a brave 18-year-old pushed surgery to its final frontier. Soon afterward, Mesmer left the city. At age 16 he moved to the Jesuit Theological School of Dillingen where he studied Logic, Metaphysics, and Theology. It is based on the belief in the existence of a universal magnetic fluid that is central in the restoration and maintenance of health. Patients could absorb animal magnetism from it. Franz Anton Mesmer [mez' mer] proponent of "animal magnetism" Frank Anton Mesmer was born on May 23, 1734, at Iznang, a village on the German side of Lake Constance. Duveen and H.S. At the end of his studies he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Its major legacy for the history of psychology was the technique of hypnotism, which would be passed along through the French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot to another, later Viennese doctor with a materialist theory of mind, Sigmund Freud. There he would reunite with Mozart who often visited him. Mesmer interpreted Newtons Spirit as a fluid with special properties. Mesmer was an 18th century doctor who developed the theory of animal magnetism (more about that later), as well as a related style of treatment that came to be known as mesmerism. The room was richly appointed and dimly lit, the air filled with incense and weird melodies from an instrument called a glass harmonica. By the spring of 1784, mesmerism had become such a craze that it imposed itself on the attention of the king. Mesmer moved in the top echelons of Viennese society, and was a prominent figure in its fashionable music scene. People began to speculate about what happened to the women who were taken to Mesmers crisis rooms. Primary image via Hulton Archive/Getty Images, 2023 Minute Media - All Rights Reserved, forest warden and a locksmiths daughter. Flix Vicq d'Azyr, perpetual secretary of the Society of Medicine, rapidly developed the same attitude, as did the delegation of twelve members of the Faculty of Medicine who agreed to witness a series of Mesmer's treatments. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968. Mesmer used magnets to control the misbehaving fluid, and his patient became the first person to be mesmerized and cured of her medical troubles. In reality there is no such thing as animal magnetism. When Mesmer completed his doctorate it was normal to speak of electricity as a fluid. Schaffer, Simon. 1774 AD % complete .originally, called mesmerism and known as hypnosis. In his medical practice, Mesmer initially adopted a technique from the Jesuit astronomer Maximilian Hell, who moonlighted in medicine, applying magnets to his patients' ailing parts. ________. Mesmer's tub, 1779 . In particular the well-publicized case of blind girl was causing him problems. If he had researched a different theme for his doctoral thesis he might have discovered for himself the phenomena of hypnosis and suggestion. [7], In January 1768, Mesmer married Anna Maria von Posch, a wealthy widow, and established himself as a doctor in Vienna. Whatever benefit the treatment produced was attributed to "imagination". "[5] But, within the materialist framework of contemporary natural science, it was the commissioners, and not Mesmer, who made the truly radical and, to many, the ridiculous proposal. One could see neither magnetism, nor the subtle cause of heat, nor the force of gravity. Mesmer termed the force animal gravity, later to become animal magnetism. Viennese psychiatrist who brought forth the theory of animal magnetism. by. Author of this page: The Doc Besides these rods, there is a rope which communicates between the baquet and one of the patients, and from him is carried to another, and so on the whole round. The concept of animal magnetism was rejected a decade later as it had no scientific basis. In 1779, with d'Eslon's encouragement, Mesmer wrote an 88-page book, Mmoire sur la dcouverte du magntisme animal, to which he appended his famous 27 Propositions. The word "mesmerize" dates back to an 18th century Austrian physician named Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815). Les merveilles du magntisme suivies des aphorismes de Mesmer Mesmer conducted a trial with magnets. Available for both RF and RM licensing. By 1780, Mesmer had more patients than he could treat individually and he established a collective treatment known as the "baquet." Franz Anton Mesmer was born on May 23, 1734 in the small village of Iznang in southern Germany. Here are some sentences.I am a proponent of change.Mike is a proponent of the new law.The church is a proponent of tolerance between. Vienna, 1766. ________. M. Spohr, Leipzig, 1893, Margaret Goldsmith After leaving Paris, Mesmer didnt hang around long in any one place. A proponent is someone who argues in favor of something. He wandered around Europe, then lived for years as a relative exile in Switzerland before dying in Austria in 1815. They devised a method for, in their terms, isolating the action of Mesmer's hypothetical fluid from the action of the patient's imagination. Academic suspicion peaked in 1784 when King Louis XVI appointed a royal commission to investigate. And then she went blind again. Mesmer, meanwhile, prowled the room outfitted in an aristocratic wizard getup, complete with a lavender robe and a magnetized metal wand. Animal magnetism is a healing system devised by Franz Anton Mesmer. After all, he seemed to be capable of casting a powerful magic spell on them. Edward B. Titchener, a leading proponent of structuralism , publishes his outline of psychology. Illness was caused by obstacles to this flow. 11 August 1784. Senses were prior to ideas and could only be "experienced. Is this man a hypnotist or a movie villain? In 1775 he began to talk about the success of his animal magnetism. Like the ebb and flow of the astral tide, the philosophes were attracted and repelled by Mesmer's doctrine. ________. Patients gathered, joined by ropes, around baquets, tubs filled with miscellaneous bits of glass, metal, and water, from which flexible iron rods protruded. Mesmer married wealthy widow Maria Anna von Posch in 1768, cementing his place in elite society and entering a period of high times in Vienna. After he became familiar with the therapeutic potential of magnetic lodestones, Mesmer had her swallow a preparation containing iron and then attached magnets to her stomach and legs. Chastenet, Armand Marie-Jacques de, marquis de Puysgur. Mesmerism, A Translation of the Original Scientific Writings of F.A. The apparatus consisted of a large wooden tub filled with iron filings, glass bottles, and water, magnetized by Mesmer himself. The simple reason for this is that he offered a quacks justification for his successes; nobody at the time looked deeper into the scientific basis. Franz Anton Mesmer, (born May 23, 1734, Iznang, Swabia [Germany]died March 5, 1815, Meersburg, Swabia), German physician whose system of therapeutics, known as mesmerism, was the forerunner of the modern practice of hypnotism. The patient told Mesmer she could feel amazing streams of a mysterious fluid flowing inside her body cleansing it of illness. . When he related health to the regulation of so-called "imponderable" (weightless) fluids in the body, he drew upon the developing physics of imponderables - light, heat, electricity, magnetism - and gave expression to a view that was widely held among doctors and physiologists. Mesmer treated patients both individually and in groups. This was not medical astrology. In 1759, age 25, he enrolled to study Law at the University of Vienna in Austria. Even the King was not immune to a sense of unease. During the French Revolution, he lost all the money he had made in France, but afterward, he successfully negotiated with Napoleon's government for a pension. Pattie, Frank A.. Mesmer and Animal Magnetism: A Chapter in the History of Medicine. Mozart later immortalized his former patron by including a comedic reference to Mesmer in his opera Cos fan tutte.[9]. "[6] Mesmer's astral fluid paled in comparison with what his inquisitors conjured from it. Omissions? Eventually, Mesmer built baquets large enough to treat 20 or 30 patients simultaneously. Bergasse, Nicolas. Mmoires pour servir l'histoire et l'tablissement du magntisme animal (1786). His treatment of patients using mesmeric techniques brought great success for a time, but his failed attempt to cure famous blind piano prodigy Maria Theresia von Paradis around 1777 eventually brought trouble. His theory held that all living beings have a magnetic fluid (akin to electricityit was not unusual to speak of energy as fluid in Mesmers time) running through their bodies, and that this fluid could be transferred between bodies and even to inanimate objects. 12 September 1784. In January 1778, age 43, Mesmer turned up in Paris, were he resurrected his career, establishing a medical practice in an exclusive Paris neighborhood. Moreover, throughout his writings on animal magnetism - Mmoire sur la dcouverte du magntisme animal (1779), Prcis historique des faits relatifs au magntisme animal (1781), Aphorismes de M. Mesmer (1785), Mmoire de F.A. The first seed for this thought was planted when he coined the term "animal gravitation" in 1776.
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