Montserratians living in the US have had their "temporary protected status" revoked; many may have to leave. Herculaneum was buried under more than 60 feet of mud and volcanic material. We postulate that localised extensional stress conditions near the linear VT activity, due to interaction with stresses in the overriding lithospheric plate, may encourage normal fault growth and promote sector weaknesses in the volcano. Land, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Eruption of Montserrats Soufriere Hills Volcano, Eruption of Montserrat's Soufriere Hills Volcano, NASA Goddard Space ), $4.4 million (2017 est. (The Conversation is an independent and nonprofit source of news, analysis and commentary from academic experts.) )2.7 (2015 est. ), production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. 2000 - Montserrat is put on an international list of territories deemed to be uncooperative in the fight against money-laundering. The Disasters program area is also in contact with the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and USAID Bureau of Humanitarian Assistance. The explosions and collapses of the volcano modified the island topography especially in the Tar River Valley on the southeastern side of the island, where pyroclastic flows have gouged a deep canyon. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS ), total: 10.04 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 8.16 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 12.01 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est. The first explosive eruption of the volcano occurred on 17 September 1996, generating an eruption column about 14 km high and ejecting 1 metre diameter rocks to about 2 km from the volcano. )$5.2 million (2016 est. WebThe island of Montserrat, located in the British West Indies, expe riences periodic volcanic eruptions that destroy major regions of the indigenous plant life and leaves lasting damage from volcanic pollu tion. )government consumption: 50.4% (2017 est. )tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. There is also a moratorium on new archaeological excavations. People live close to volcanoes because Geothermal energy can be harnessed by using the steam from underground which has been heated by the Earths magma. The MVO (Montserrat volcano observatory) was set up to monitor the volcano and predict any future eruptions. 3. This explosion is used as a reference event later in this assessment. The La Soufrire volcano in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has seen an increase in eruptive activity, with multiple explosions starting on Friday, April 9, triggering pyroclastic flows - dangerous and fast-moving avalanches of hot ash and gas. Pompeii is that city, that got burnt and buried by a raging volcano called Mount Vesuvius, back in 79 AD. As of Jan. 21, the current volcano alert level for La Soufrire is orange. WebThe first four months of the eruption involved intense earthquake swarms and vigorous steam explosions, caused by rapid heating of the groundwater by rising magma. This Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image from the Aqua satellite on July 14, 2003, shows the ash plume from the erupting volcano (center) drifting westward from the southern end of Montserrat, while the waters surrounding the island are bright blue-green, probably from the ash scattered over the surface. On average, fresh lava can be between 1,300 F and 2,200 F (700 and 1,200 C)! What caused the eruption? )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 67 (2020 est. Free shipping )geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Pyroclastic flows - thick clouds of hot gas and rock caused by volcanic eruptions - destroyed the capital, Plymouth. Its eruption in 1902 was the third most deadly in historic time. WebMontserrat Eruption. Is climate change killing Australian wine? Flight Center. The resulting ash plume drifted WNW across the island and out to sea, causing ashfall in Old Towne and Olveston. It is this magma which is then forced upwards and creates Chances Peak on Soufriere Hills. )imports: 0 kWh (2020 est. However, some unauthorised people, who were in the Exclusion zone, were too far away to hear the sirens. We document the process of tsunami generation during a prolonged gigantic collapse of the Soufri{\`e}re Hills volcano lava dome on Montserrat on 12-13 July 2003. No historical eruptions were recorded on Montserrat until 18 July 1995, Soufri re Hills. ), cabbages, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes, onions, peppers; livestock products, tourism, rum, textiles, electronic appliances, agriculture: 1.4%industry: 12.7%services: 85.9% (2017 est. Expert answered|alvinpnglnn|Points 2479| It is entirely submarine and has had eight small eruptions between 1937 and 1977. ), East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar -2.7 (2017 est. Disaster risk governance is concerned with how institutions change in response to perturbations or, conversely, are able to remain static for long periods of time. Montserrat: Red blocks are being released from the summit of the Soufriere Hills Volcano. A volcanic eruption occurs when elements within the Earth, such as hot lava, rocks, and dust, explode from a volcano in the form of an explosion. Why did the survivors abandon the city of Pompeii? Typically, for an eruption to occur, enough magma must accumulate in the chamber under the volcano. The volcano is also releasing gas and steam, which has started affecting vegetation on the flanks of the volcano and within the crater. While Indonesia bore the brunt of the damage, the Krakatau eruption had perplexing effects across the world. On August 24, 79 CE, Mount Vesuvius, a stratovolcano in Italy, began erupting in one of the deadliest volcanic events ever recorded in Europe. VideoOn board the worlds last surviving turntable ferry, I didnt think make-up was made for black girls, Why there is serious money in kitchen fumes. The eruption here in 1902 killed 1,600 people only hours before the more devastating eruption of Mont Pelee on Martinique. Individual and composite fault plane solutions have been determined for a few larger earthquakes. Added 1 day ago|4/30/2023 1:07:05 PM Most contemporary accounts of the volcanic winter are Credits: NASA. (The Conversation is an independent and nonprofit source of news, analysis and commentary from academic experts.) Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. The University of the West Indies, https://sites.portal.uwi.edu/repositories/ISD. Ash from the eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano on the island of Montserrat spread out over the coastal waters on July 15, 2003. 1995 18 July - Chances Peak volcano erupts for the first time in 350 years. Italys major archeological site, Pompeii, is soon to be under the supervision of German-born archeologist Gabriel Zuchtriegel. Its eruption in 1902 was the third most deadly in historic time. Pompeii may be ancient history, but scientists are pretty sure Mount Vesuvius is overdue for another major explosion. Official websites use .gov Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. 1996 April - Britain announces that Montserratians will be granted residency and the right to work in the UK for up to two years. Before that, the last major eruption in the region was in 1812. La Soufriere Volcano, which erupted in 1718, 1812, 1902, and 1979, lies to the south on the island of St. Vincent. )consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. Our results reveal a total dense-rock equivalent eruption volume of 34.5 6.8 km, which encompasses 21.4 3.6 km of tephra fall deposits, 6.9 2 km of ignimbrites, The city of Pompeii is famous because it was destroyed in 79 CE when a nearby volcano, Mount Vesuvius, erupted, covering it in at least 19 feet (6 metres) of ash and other volcanic debris. , Geography - Montserrat Volcanic eruption 1997 case study, Summary of the Montserrat eruption-Case Study, Some parts of the island suffered blackout conditions- the sun was obstructed by the ash cloud, The ash cooled-> fell back on to some parts of the island, The eruption of the volcano shouldn't have had a major impact on people, The affected areas were in the Exclusion Zone set up after an eruption in 1995. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Causes and effects of Montserrat volcanic eruption. ), 10.66 births/1,000 population (2023 est. Click here for the latest volcanic ash advisories from the NOAA Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), View fullscreen on the NASA Disasters Mapping Portal. WebThe volcanic winter of 536 CE was the most severe and protracted episode of climatic cooling in the Northern Hemisphere in the last 2,000 years. -the North American plate was sub ducted into the mantle where it melts. The volcano's side branches or upper part may erupt in an explosion. Pompeii is a 2014 romantic historical disaster film produced and directed by Paul W. S. Anderson. 2019 November - A divided People's Democratic Party loses the election to the Movement for Change and Prosperity under the leadership of Easton Taylor Farrell. Much of this island was devastated and two thirds of the population fled abroad because of the eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano that began on 18 July 1995. Free shipping for many products! Many banking licences are revoked. Dr. Thomas A. Jaggar, Professor of Geology at M.I.T., established the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory in 1912 to learn more about volcanoes in order to prevent future disasters, such as those he had observed in St. Pierre. -on a destructive plate margin. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 110 (2020 est. NOAA Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), View Products on the NASA Disasters Mapping Portal, Jean-Paul Vernier: Creating a Collaborative Atmosphere in Atmospheric Science, Impacts to Saint Vincent from the La Soufrire Eruption, Rock and Glass Shards Blanket La Soufrire, NASAs Terra Satellite Captures La Soufrire Volcanic Ash Cloud in 3D. 1782 - French invaders take possession, having previously captured the island for short periods in 1664 and 1667. Volcanoes emit a variety of products which may be harmful to human and animal health. Click here for the latest updates on the La Soufrire volcano from the National Emergency Management Organization of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The island is on a destructive plate boundary- the North American plate (denser) subducted by the Caribbean plate; Convection currents pulled the North American plate )proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est. )transmission/distribution losses: 1 million kWh (2019 est. In the West Indies, the Soufriere Hills Volcano on the island of Montserrat erupted explosively between July 12-14, 2003, causing collapse of portions of the volcanic dome and creating huge pyroclastic flows (fast-moving clouds of hot ash and rock) that spread 2 kilometers out over the ocean. Montserrat has endured volcanic activity since, with the last eruption occurring in 2013. )$155.9 million (2010 est. )$31,100 (2010 est. (The Conversation is an independent and nonprofit source of news, analysis and commentary from academic experts.) Although these pyroclastic flows are similar in behaviour and consequent hazard to the dome collapse type, they are less constrained by topography, as the explosion can eject the materials in all directions around the volcano. Soufriere Hills Volcano overlooks an abandoned town near Montserrat in the West Indies. Studies suggest there may have been a small tsunami, Lopes said, but there is no evidence it was powerful enough to bring ships into the city. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 55 (2018 est. )crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est. )permanent crops: 0% (2018 est. 2009 September - Reuben Meade's Movement for Change and Prosperity wins six of nine seats in parliamentary elections. (male 217/female 190), total dependency ratio: 43.9youth dependency ratio: 19.2elderly dependency ratio: 24.7potential support ratio: 4 (2021), total: 34.8 yearsmale: 34.1 yearsfemale: 35.6 years (2020 est. Caldera collapse B. Mantle plumes C. Water accumulated in the vent D. Subduction Weegy: Mantle plumes can cause the eruption from a shield volcano to become explosive. WebMontserrat had previously been hooked up to the undersea branch of the Eastern Caribbean Fibre Systembut the eruption of the Soufrire Hills volcano destroyed the connection. Part of the Leeward Islands chain, Montserrat has been plagued by sporadic ash falls and lava flows since 1995 when the Soufriere Hills volcano erupted for the first time in centuries. Dr. Thomas A. Jaggar, Professor of Geology at M.I.T., established the Some parts of the island suffered blackout conditions- the sun was obstructed by the ash cloud; The ash cooled-> fell back on to some parts of the island. As of Dec. 4, 2019, the current volcano alert level for Mount Pele is yellow. Montserrat is only one of a chain of volcanic islands strung across the Caribbean in a roughly north-south direction. The volcanic winter was caused by at least three simultaneous eruptions of uncertain origin, with several possible locations proposed in various continents. From trainings on using NASA datato the latest published research, we offer free resources that are open to all. WebEffects of Montserrat volcanic eruption.-5 million metres cubed of ash and rock deposited -19 people killed -100-150 homes destroyed -There is a Hawaiian hotspot which has caused several volcanoes to develop. Soufriere Hills Volcano on the island of Montserrat in the Caribbean became active on July 18, 1995. ), 33,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Remembering Mount Pinatubo 25 Years Ago. Volcanic ash and gases (like sulfur-dioxide) absorb sunlight, cooling Earth's surface, weakening the Monsoon. During May, a few forceful explosions projected ash to the jet stream and before activity decreased on May 23, lava reached halfway to the glacial outwash plain. Describe the location of Montserrat- you could include a sketch map 2. ), Protestant 71.4% (includes Anglican 17.7%, Pentecostal/Full Gospel 16.1%, Seventh Day Adventist 15%, Methodist 13.9%, Church of God 6.7%, other Protestant 2%), Roman Catholic 11.4%, Rastafarian 1.4%, Hindu 1.2%, Jehovah's Witness 1%, Muslim 0.4%, other/not stated 5.1%, none 7.9% (2018 est. Severe volcanic activity, which began in July 1995, has put a damper on this small, open economy. )industry: 7.8% (2017 est. Each of the three major periods of explosive activity have occurred after one of the major dome collapses. -the Pacific plate then moves over the plume. )hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. What were the effects of the Montserrat eruption? A volcanic eruption occurs when elements within the Earth, such as hot lava, rocks, and dust, explode from a volcano in the form of an explosion. Plymouth, the capital, is abandoned. The seismic activity dominated by rockfall signals, and there Typically, for an eruption to occur, enough magma must accumulate in the chamber under the volcano. Effects. This project intends to model the process that occurs as this damaged tropical ecosystem recovers from volcanic eruptions. 2004 August - US Department of Homeland Security revokes "temporary protected status" granted to US-based Montserratians in 1995. , AQA A-level Geography 7037 - Paper 1 - 22nd May 2019 , The island is on a destructive plate boundary- the North American plate (denser) subducted by the Caribbean plate, Convection currents pulled the North American plate into the mantle-> heat+ friction -> the rock melted-> molten rock was lighter than the surrounding rock-> rose through cracks towards the Earth's surface-> volcanic island, Chances Peak Volcano erupted+ produced thick sticky lava (andesite)-> builded up at the top of the volcano in a dome-> became too heavy-> the dome collapsed-> huge ash cloud formed, The domecollapsed-> rocks, gases+ ash were ejected from the volcano-> pyroclastic flows (fast moving+ destroyed everything on their path), Strong winds blew the clouds of ash westwards over the island, Suffered blackout conditions- due to the sun being obstructed by the ash cloud, The eruption of the volcano should not have had a major impact on the people, as the areas affected were in the Exclusion Zone set up after an eruption in 1995. 14 Aug 1997. Related: 10 times volcanoes blew our minds in 2021. Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, southeast of Puerto Rico, total: 102 sq kmland: 102 sq kmwater: 0 sq km, about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation, volcanic island, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland, highest point: Soufriere Hills volcano pre-eruption height was 915 m; current lava dome is subject to periodic build up and collapse; estimated dome height was 1,050 m in 2015lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m, agricultural land: 30% (2018 est. Montserrat has relied heavily upon British and EU aid to rebuild; a new airport was inaugurated in 2005, Source: https://goo.gl/ibBKmS, https://goo.gl/NCXeRD, https://goo.gl/cNGbof. Two-thirds of the island is left uninhabitable and 19 people are killed. 2006 May/June - Elections: Lowell Lewis is sworn in as head of a coalition government after no one party gains enough seats to govern. Researchers and disaster coordinators from NASAs Earth Science Applied Sciences Disasters program area are working closely with regional stakeholders and volcano research organizations including the SRC, the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France (IPGP), the Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO), and the NASA Socioeconomic and Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Chances Peak is on a destructive plate margin. Standard & Poors rating: BBB- (2020)note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained. The two platewill converge due to descending limbs of convection cell currents in the asthenosphere. Arctic-Images / Getty Images. The eruption was preceded by three years of elevated seismic activity and a more intenseearthquake swarmthat began on July 14. Official websites use .gov WebUser: What can cause the eruption from a shield volcano to become explosive?A. For the first time during the eruption people were killed and injured. List the Primary and Secondary hazards of the Soufriere Hills volcano 4. ), urban population: 9.3% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 0.94% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. )crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est. collapse of portions of the volcanic dome and creating huge pyroclastic flows (fast-moving In 1976, just the opposite occurred on the Island of Guadelope, 50 miles south of Montserrat. Because of the lava erupting from the volcano, over half the island had to be evacuated to a safer part. )$32,300 (2009 est.). )from consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. However, the destruction of the capital and the closure of the island's airport halted much economic activity. )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. More than half of Montserrat's population left the island making it even more difficult for the island to recover. -the melt then raised up through overlying crust to form volcanic islands. Identifying port numbers for ArcGIS Online Basemap? Destructive Margins (Oceanic/Continental), Destructive Margins (Oceanic/oceanic & continental/continental), Montserrat: A Case Study of a Volcanic Eruption. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. WebCauses of Monserrat volcanic eruption. Explore in 3D: The dazzling crown that makes a king. Early seismicity was generally diffuse under southern Montserrat, and mostly restricted to depths less than 7 km. However, a NE-SW alignment of epicentres beneath the NE flank of the volcano emerged in one swarm of volcano-tectonic earthquakes (VTs) and later nests of VT hypocentres developed beneath the volcano and at a separated location, under St. George's Hill. An official website of the United States government. December - Britain assists with rehabilitation programmes and grants millions of pounds in development aid. This list documents volcanic eruptions by human death toll. What to include in your case study 1. Five scientists and technicians from the U.S. Geological Survey's Volcano Crisis Assistance Team, headquartered at the Cascades Volcano Observatory in Vancouver, Washington, are responding to this eruption with additional seismic equipment and expertise. The plumes that caused the 7 d air traffic disruption resulted directly from the explosive nature of the ash, caused by the interaction of magma and water. Health concerns after a volcanic eruption include infectious disease, respiratory illness, burns, injuries from falls, and vehicle accidents related to the slippery, hazy conditions caused by ash. The teams have used short wave infrared data from the European Space Agency (ESA) Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellite to identify a thermal anomaly in the La Soufrire volcano (St Vincent), indicating that magma is close to the surface. We postulate that localised extensional stress conditions near the linear VT activity, due to interaction with stresses in the overriding lithospheric plate, may encourage In Montserrat, the volcanic eruption in 1995 produced unprecedented challenges for both local government authorities and the UK Government. The lava is typical of many Caribbean volcanoes and is known as andesite. )note: an estimated 8,000 refugees left the island following the resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; some have returned, noun: Montserratian(s)adjective: Montserratian, African/Black 86.2%, mixed 4.8%, Hispanic/Spanish 3%, Caucasian/White 2.7%, East Indian/Indian 1.6%, other 1.8% (2018 est. More than 20,000 Russians dead in Bakhmut, US says, Final celebrities arrive at Met Gala red carpet, Trump rape accuser says her generation stayed quiet, 'My wife and six children joined Kenya starvation cult', On board the worlds last surviving turntable ferry. The federation is dissolved in 1956. Webabstract = "Pyroclastic flows entering the sea may cause tsunamis at coastal volcanoes worldwide, hut geophysically monitored field occurrences are rare. Stewart, R.A. White, J.A. 16.71N, 62.18W; Elevation 800m; Last eruption 2010; Soufri re Hills Volcano is the only active volcano in Montserrat, producing both dome forming and explosive eruptions.. When La Soufrire of St. Vincent last erupted in 1979 over 20,000 people were evacuated. 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192. )investment in inventories: -0.1% (2017 est. An eruption in 1902 killed 1,565 people. There had been previous eruptions in 1996 and 1995, but these were only minor eruptions of short pyroclastic flows and ash clouds. They thought they would receive audible warning from the volcano as it was going to erupt-> this didn't happen-> were caught unawares, 19 people killed by the pyroclastic flows, 7 people killed by the surge in Streatham+ Windy Hill area, Villages affected by deposits: Dyer, Farrell's Yard, Windy Hill, Streatham, Harris, Farm and Trant, The villages of Farm and Trant- completely buried by ash flow deposits, The ash fell back on to some parts of the island-> deposited ash 2-3 mm thick, A total of 4 km2 of land was covered by deposits, Houses in the Exclusion Zone destroyed by impact of rock, up to 5m in size-> should have been empty, but 15 people were living in the Exclusion Zone-> mostly farmers-> were producing crops to feed evacuees, The pyroclastic surges spread out+ flattened trees on the ridge surrounding Farrell's Yark-> no vegetation was left, just bare vegetable beds+ the soil was baked hard. Superimposed on this trend are many pulsations. Then something needs to trigger the eruption. )expenditures: $47.04 million (2017 est. The citys quick burial preserved it for centuries before its ruins were discovered in the late 16th century. WebThe Montserrat Volcanic eruption happened in July 1997. The explosions were spaced about 20 minutes apart and sent ash and steam about 40 meters high. With actionable Earth observations, the NASA Earth Science Applied Sciences Program empowerscommunities across the world to find solutions to the challenges they face every day. A new study has revealed new details about the devastating volcanic eruption that annihilated the ancient Roman town of Pompeii. )2.7 (2016 est. )from petroleum and other liquids: 33,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. As it is forced down pressure increaseswhich triggers earthquakes at a range of depths along the benioff zone, and at the same time heat produced byfriction melts the descending crust toform molten magma. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World by Wood, Gillen D'Arcy at the best online prices at eBay! )2.7 (2013 est. 2001 July - Eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano causes widespread disruption. Then something needs to trigger the eruption. Latchman, R.C. Learn more about how NASA supports risk reduction, response and recovery efforts for volcanoes. WebVolcano Safety Tips, Preparation, and Readiness. As the USGS explains, these eruptions are less violent Volcanic tremors and long-period earthquakes have also been recorded from seismometers on Mt. ), improved: urban: NArural: NAtotal: NAunimproved: urban: NArural: NAtotal: NA, total: 14 yearsmale: 13 yearsfemale: 15 years (2019), land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared for cultivation, conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Montserratetymology: island named by explorer Christopher COLUMBUS in 1493 after the Benedictine abbey Santa Maria de Montserrat, near Barcelona, Spain, parliamentary democracy; self-governing overseas territory of the UK, name: Plymouth; note - Plymouth was abandoned in 1997 because of volcanic activity; interim government buildings have been built at Brades Estate, the de facto capital, in the Carr's Bay/Little Bay vicinity at the northwest end of Montserratgeographic coordinates: 16 42 N, 62 13 Wtime difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)etymology: now entirely deserted because of volcanic activity, the city was originally named after Plymouth, England; de jure, Plymouth remains the capital city of Montserrat; it is therefore the only ghost town that serves as the capital of a political entity, 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter, Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, usually celebrated the Monday after the second Saturday in June (1926), history: previous 1960; latest put into force 20 October 2010 (The Montserrat Constitution Order 2010)amendments: amended 2011, 2020, chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor Andrew PEARCE (since 1 February 2018)head of government: Premier Easton TAYLOR-FARRELL (since 19 November 2019); note - effective with the Constitution Order 2010, October 2010, the office of premier replaced the office of chief ministercabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, the premier, 3 other ministers, the attorney general, and the finance secretaryelections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party usually becomes premier, description: unicameral Legislative Assembly (12 seats; 9 members directly elected in a single constituency by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds to serve 5-year terms; the speaker, normally elected from the outside by the Assembly for a 5-year term, and 2 ex-officio members - the attorney general and financial secretary)elections: last held on 18 November 2019 (next scheduled for 2024)election results: percent of vote by party - MCAP 42.7%, PDM 29.9%, other 17.1%; seats by party - MCAP 5, PDM 3, independent 1; composition, including the speaker and 2 ex-officio members - men 8, women 4, percent of women 33.3%, highest court(s): the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (ECSC) is the superior court of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States; the ECSC - headquartered on St. Lucia - consists of the Court of Appeal - headed by the chief justice and 4 judges - and the High Court with 18 judges; the Court of Appeal is itinerant, traveling to member states on a schedule to hear appeals from the High Court and subordinate courts; High Court judges reside in the member states, with 1 assigned to Montserrat; Montserrat is also a member of the Caribbean Court of Justicejudge selection and term of office: chief justice of Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court appointed by the Her Majesty, Queen ELIZABETH II; other justices and judges appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission, and independent body of judicial officials; Court of Appeal justices appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 65; High Court judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 62subordinate courts: magistrate's court, Movement for Change and Prosperity or MCAP [Easton Taylor FARRELL]People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Paul LEWIS], Caricom, CDB, Interpol (subbureau), OECS, UPU, embassy: none (overseas territory of the UK); alternate contact is the US Embassy in Barbados [1] (246) 227-4000; US Embassy Bridgetown, Wildey Business Park, St. Michael BB 14006, Barbados, WI, blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the arms feature a woman in green dress, Erin, the female personification of Ireland, standing beside a yellow harp and embracing a large dark cross with her right arm; Erin and the harp are symbols of Ireland reflecting the territory's Irish ancestry; blue represents awareness, trustworthiness, determination, and righteousness, note: as a territory of the UK, "God Save the King" is official (see United Kingdom), formerly high-income economy; volcanic activity destroyed much of original infrastructure and economy; new capital and port is being developed; key geothermal and solar power generation; key music recording operations, $167.4 million (2011 est.
