Shortly after, he went to the Ports of Altagracia to repair the damage to his ships. Between 1821 and 1823, the expulsion of the Spaniards from Venezuelan territory was ordered. The pro-independence army advanced from San Carlos to Tinaco covered by the advance of Colonel Jos Laurencio Silva, who took the royalist positions in Tinaquillo. By the time Simn Bolvar led his Admirable Campaign, the country no longer had a dependence on its Spanish colonizers, and independence was inevitable. "Nuestras armas, por siempre triunfales, humillaron al fiero espaol, del clarn a las voces marciales que oy en sus montaas la tierra del sol. The equality of citizens before the law was established in the Federal Constitution of 1811. Guzmn Blancos triumphal entry into Caracas in April 1870 halted the political chaos and economic stagnation that had plagued the nation since 1858. In the high house of the San Mateo hacienda, property of Simn Bolvar, the park was placedthe custody of which was entrusted to Captain Antonio Ricaurte and a small troop of 50 soldiers. In 1806-1807 the British made a determined effort to capture the city. The statue that immortalizes Ricaurte's heroic gesture in the "Ingenio Bolivar in San Mateo" is a work of the sculptor Lorenzo Gonzalez. He made a speedy march on Bogota, where the Spanish Viceroy hastily sent out a force to delay him. A new constitution was enacted in 1864 to incorporate the federalist principles of the victors. Answer:Venezuela declared independence from Spain because they imposed high taxes on the citizens of Venezuela and because of lack of self rule. Harvey, Robert. Seven of the ten provinces belonging to the Captaincy General of Venezuela declared their independence and explained their reasons for this action, among them, that it was baneful that a small European nation ruled the great expanses of the New World, that Spanish America recovered its right to self-government after the abdications of Charles IV The first of them tries twice in 1806 to invade the Venezuelan territory through La Vela de Coro, led by General Francisco de Miranda, with an armed expedition coming from Haiti. "Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence." On 5 December, the Republicans marched towards Araure and camped about 1,000 metres (3,300ft) from the town, in front of the royalists, who had deployed at the entrance of the mountain of the Acarigua river; with their wings supported by woods and their front covered by a small lake, their back was protected by a forest, they also had 10 pieces of artillery. The purpose of the Armistice Treaty was to suspend hostilities in order to facilitate talks between the two sides, with a view to conclude a definitive peace. The Cuban movement for independence from Spain in 1895 garnered considerable American support. It also inadvertently caused the death of Simn Bolvar's brother Juan Vicente, who died in a shipwreck while returning from a diplomatic mission to the United States in 1811. In contrast to the troubled times that preceded and followed it, the 183048 period of Conservative Party domination was an era of political stability, economic progress, and responsible administration. New Granada was renamed Cundinamarca and its capital, Santa Fe renamed Bogot. Still, the nation was in ruins and there was a military stalemate between the patriots and royalists. The spilled blood flows into the prison cistern and Luisa is forced to quench her thirst with that putrid and pestilent water mixed with the blood of her own kin. The republic lasted until about1830when it fell apart into Colombia,Venezuela, and Ecuador (Panama was part of Colombia at the time). After Pez is promoted in San Juan de Payara by the Libertador to major general, he fought the Apure campaign together with Bolvar against Morillo's troops that had invaded Apure. Bolivar and other generals such as Santiago Mario andManuel Piarfought them bravely, but in theend,the royalists were too much for them. The patriots held 200 prisoners, four flags and numerous pieces of artillery. Those who had taken part in the independence movement and the elderly over 80 years of age were exempted. The elite of Caracas agreed on a provisional independence from Spain: they were rebelling against Joseph Bonaparte, not the Spanish crown, and would mind their own affairs until Ferdinand VII was restored. The Retreat of the Six Hundred was a journey of hundreds of kilometers through territory hostile to the patriots that occurred during the Expedition of Los Cayos in 1816, fighting along the way with few weapons and ammunition. Colonel Atanasio Girardot joined Simn Bolvar in the so-called Admirable Campaign of the Libertador and fought gallantly at the head of several battalions that managed to occupy the cities of Trujillo and Mrida. Captain General Pablo Morillo receives instructions from Spain on June 6, 1820, to arbitrate with Simn Bolvar a cessation of hostilities. New Granada had been relatively untouched by the war, so Bolvar was able to quickly recruit a new army from willing volunteers. On July 13, 1811, the flag of Venezuela was approved, which was based on the design made by Francisco de Miranda in 1806. This first successful rebellion in Venezuelas national history set off five years of revolutionary turmoil between the Liberals and Conservatives. Lynch, John. The war originated in the Cuban struggle for independence from Spain, which began in February 1895. . [26] Others think that the initial rejection of the independence process by a large part of the other social groups (pardos, Indians and blacks) gave it the nature of a social revolution, since these sectors wanted a transformation of the social and economic structure that would give rise to a more egalitarian society. Subsequently, General Santiago Mario, seconded by Jos Francisco Bermdez, marched on Irapa where he attacked and destroyed the garrison of Yaguaraparo. The population of Caracas, threatened by the imminent arrival of Boves, had to flee to the east. [5] The regulations also provided that elections were to be held in two stages: first, the voters appointed the electors of the parish; and then, these electors, meeting in an electoral assembly in the capital of the province, appointed the representatives to Congress, at the rate of one deputy for every 20,000 inhabitants.[5]. He led the separation movement from Gran Colombia in 1829 and in 1830 convoked a constitutional convention for Venezuela. Venezuela, in the late 18th century and early 19th century, was an economic powerhouse as well as an intellectual hub for Latin America. [6] The newspaper Patriota Revolucionario, directed by Salias and Muoz Tbar, was its informative organ since June 1811. The Spanish had managed to reconquer the provinces of Coro and Maracaibo, which gave them considerable territory in the west of the country. The Conjuracin de los Mantuanos was a movement that broke out in Caracas in 1808. Explanation: The losses of the Republicans were 8 officers and 36 crew and troops killed, 14 of the former and 150 of the latter wounded and one officer wounded, while those of the royalists were greater, without counting the 69 officers and 368 soldiers and sailors who were taken prisoner. A ruling junta was proclaimed and Juan de Las Casas, the Captain-General of Venezuela, was deposed. Alarmed Spanish officers in Venezuela called for a cease-fire, which was agreed to and lasted until April of 1821. The provinces were represented as follows: Caracas 24 deputies; Barinas 9; Cuman 4; Barcelona 3; Mrida 2; Trujillo 1; Margarita 1. Opinions on the character of the independence process are not unanimous. During the period from 1814 to 1819, Venezuela was devastated by rovingroyalistand patriot armies that fought one another and occasionally amongst themselves. On December 3, 1813, Simn Bolvar learned that the royalist forces (3500 men), under the command of Brigadier Jos Ceballos, had met with those of Jos Yez in the village of Araure in the State of Portuguesa; and by virtue of this, he ordered all the forces that were in El Altar and Cojedes to concur to the concentration that would take place in the town of Aguablanca. As expressed by the Libertador, it was created as a response to several crimes and massacres carried out by Spanish soldiers after the fall of the First Republic, against thousands of republicans. These principles were enshrined as a constitutional principle for the new nation and were radically opposed to the political, cultural, and social practices that had existed during three hundred years of colonization. In spite of the setbacks suffered by the expeditionaries and by the Libertador himself in Ocumare, the historical importance of the Expedition of Los Callos lies in the fact that it allowed Santiago Mario, Manuel Piar and later Jos Francisco Bermdez to undertake the liberation of the eastern part of the country, and MacGregor with Carlos Soublette and other leaders to definitively enter Tierra Firme, to open the way to the definitive triumph of the Republic. The decree of War to the Death was a declaration made by Simn Bolvar on June 15, 1813, in the Venezuelan city of Trujillo. Bolvar established his headquarters in the city and from there planned an offensive on Caracas that would be executed after a concentration of troops coming from the regions occupied by the patriots: Apure, Guayana and Cuman. The April 19 pronouncement was not the first of its kind in Latin America: the city of Quito had made a similar pronouncement in August of 1809. A group of Venezuelan Creoles boldly proclaimed their country an independent republic in 1797. With this declaration, Venezuela became the first independent republic of Spanish America, and the fire of that declaration, fueled by external conflict, would spread the ideals of independence throughout all of the lands of Latin America. From Caracas, Bolivar proclaims "War to the Death with the extermination of the Spanish race." With this declaration, Venezuela became the first independent republic of Spanish America, and the fire of that declaration, fueled by external conflict, would spread the ideals of independence throughout all of the lands of Latin America. Spanish and royalist forces attacked, however, and a devastating earthquake leveled Caracas on March 26, 1812. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. [1], Last edited on 20 February 2023, at 01:42, Learn how and when to remove this template message, museo de la Casa de las Primeras Letras Simn Rodrguez, Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America, "Agregan la firma de Chvez al acta de Independencia de 1811", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_Declaration_of_Independence&oldid=1140431474, This page was last edited on 20 February 2023, at 01:42. Minster, Christopher. The economy was mostly agricultural and a handful of extremely wealthy families had complete control over the region. The second republic corresponds to the period between August 1813 and December 1814 and is known as the "War to the Death" period.[3][9]. Venezuelans suffered greater casualties and endured more privations during the wars than did any other Latin American national group, because of the ferocity of battles on their own soil and the large number of Venezuelan troops who carried the struggle to other regions. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to thePresent. Other revolutionary leaders viewed this action with contempt, and Miranda was subsequently turned over to the Spaniards, who sent him first to Puerto Rico and later to Spain, where he died in prison in 1816. In the Congress of Valencia were chosen the deputies who met in this city from May 6, 1830, to discuss the dissolution of Gran Colombia, with the separation of Venezuela. A sentry watches even her slightest movements, and she is forced to eat the ranch that they give her as her only food. Although elected president as a Conservative in 1846, he soon gravitated toward the Liberals. Crowned our summits of glory when Ribas brandished the sword, and to his homeric zeal La Victoria with blood of the oppressors its fields sprayed")[12]. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/independence-from-spain-in-venezuela-2136397. Bolivar took advantage of the momentary disorder that occurred among the attackers and launched a counterattack, with which he recaptured the "high house". Francisco de Miranda ordered to attack the strongest positions of the rebels and on July 23, the republicans took the city. On July 11, 1811, six days after the Declaration of Independence, two insurrections broke out, the asonada de la Sabana del Teque of the Canary Islanders in Caracas[8] which was quickly brought under controland the insurrection of Nuestra Seora de la Anunciacin de la Nueva Valencia del Rey. To further humiliation, the battalion received spears instead of rifles as combat weapons. Feeling misunderstood in Cartagena de Indias, he decides to take the road of exile to Jamaica on May 9, 1815, encouraged by the idea of reaching the English-speaking world and convincing it of his cooperation with the ideal of Spanish-American independence. With the founding of the Sociedad de Agricultura y Economa, it did not take long for this organization to become the main promoter of the break with Spain. On the 20th, the Colombian army crosses the Tinaco river and on the 23rd Bolvar reviews his forces in the Sabana de Taguanes. There would be a vice-president who would replace the President in his absence. Principales documentos de Bolvar", "Tratado de Armisticio (Santa Ana de Trujillo 1820)", "Ahora no podrn con nosotros, porque estamos juntos y estaremos juntos para siempre", "Tu Zulia - Batalla naval del lago de Maracaibo", "Fue la independencia una revolucin social? Jos Flix Ribas, a wealthy young patriot, rode through Caracas, exhorting Creole leaders to come to the meeting taking place in the council chambers. Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? The independence movement A group of Venezuelan Creoles boldly proclaimed their country an independent republic in 1797. Although the Letter was originally addressed to Henry Cullen, it is clear that its fundamental objective was to call the attention of the most powerful liberal nation of the 19th century, Great Britain, so that it would decide to get involved in the American independence. Caracas, predictably, exploded: people took to the streets declaring loyalty to Ferdinand. "The Complete Story of Venezuela's Revolution for Independence." In 1830, New Granada, Venezuela and Quito separated. The Liberal leaders thereupon joined the Conservative opposition, and in March 1858 they brought the Monagas dynasty to an end. For four years after the end of his regime, Venezuela floundered in new political chaos as various civilian political groups tried unsuccessfully to establish responsible representative government. The independence of Venezuela was the juridical-political process with the purpose of breaking the ties that existed between the Captaincy General of Venezuela and the Spanish Empire. ThoughtCo, Apr. [25] However, the figure of slavery was maintained until 1854 when President Jos Gregorio Monagas eliminated it. Then, with the permission of the secretary general, Francisco Isnardi, Mendoza and Roscio presented the document to Congress for discussion. The Battle of Carabobo was a combat between the armies of the Great Colombia led by Simn Bolvar and that of the Kingdom of Spain led by marshal Miguel de la Torre and it occurred on June 24, 1821, in the Sabana de Carabobo. Bolvar did so and then promptly marched on Caracas, which he took back in August of 1813, a year after the fall of the first Venezuelan Republic and three months since he had left Colombia. All over Venezuela, cities and towns decided either to follow Caracas' lead or not: many cities chose to remain under Spanish rule. Led by visionary radicals such as Simn Bolvar and Francisco de Miranda, Venezuela was the first of the South American Republics to formally break away from Spain. "Venezuelas Declaration of Independence in 1810." At its sessions they discussed economics, politics, civil, religious and military matters. Guzmns new liberal newspaper, El Venezolano, demanded abolition of slavery, extension of voting rights, and protection for the debtor classes. The result of the Act of Independence was immediate. He held the town of Coro for about two weeks before Spanish forces drove him out. This remarkable military feat is known as the "Admirable Campaign" for Bolvar's great skill in executing it. This occurred between 1819 and 1830, in which Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador were united as a single Republic called Gran Colombia. Early in 1813 the revolutionary junta appointed Simn Bolvar commander of the Venezuelan forces. [7] On July 3, the debate began in Congress. The Libertador requested help from the neo-Granadian government through the Cartagena Manifesto, which was conceived for the actions he had already carried out in that country. Simn Bolvar, byname The Liberator or Spanish El Libertador, (born July 24, 1783, Caracas, Venezuela, New Granada [now in Venezuela]died December 17, 1830, near Santa Marta, Colombia), Venezuelan soldier and statesman who led the revolutions against Spanish rule in the Viceroyalty of New Granada. Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. On January 26, 1816, Luisa gave birth to a baby girl who died at birth due to the conditions of childbirth in the dungeon where she was imprisoned. Venezuelas Declaration of Independence in 1810, Biography of Francisco de Miranda, Venezuelan Leader, How Latin America Gained Independence from Spain, Biography of Simon Bolivar, 'Liberator of South America', Biography of Jos Francisco de San Martn, Latin American Liberator, Chile's Independence Day: September 18, 1810, Top Ten Villains of Latin American History, Hugo Chavez Was Venezuela's Firebrand Dictator. Guzmn Blanco was the popular choice for president in the 1873 election. After Venezuela separated from Colombia in 1830, the United States recognized and established diplomatic relations with Venezuela in 1835. Chile's Independence Day: September 18, 1810, Biography of Francisco de Miranda, Venezuelan Leader, How Latin America Gained Independence from Spain, The Complete Story of Venezuela's Revolution for Independence, The "Cry of Dolores" and Mexican Independence, Biography of Simon Bolivar, 'Liberator of South America', Biography of Jos Francisco de San Martn, Latin American Liberator, Biography of Ignacio Allende, Champion of Mexican Independence, Queen Isabella II of Spain Was a Controversial Ruler, attempt to start a revolution in Venezuela in 1806. Around the year of 1815, General Juan Bautista Arismendi is provisional Governor of isla de Margarita. That same year, Bolvar lost control of Puerto Cabello and Francisco de Miranda capitulated in San Mateo before the royalist chief Domingo Monteverde, signing an agreement that consisted in the surrender of weapons by the patriots. The political and strategic difficulties force Bolvar to suspend the "Barcelona Campaign", from there he leaves for Guayana where Manuel Piar was, leaving the forces of Barcelona under the command of general Pedro Mara Freites. The Second Venezuelan Republic fell in mid-1814 and Bolvar once again went into exile. Revolutionary leaders recalled him to Gran Colombia four years later to take charge of a ruling junta, which drafted a constitution and established an independent nation. The following year he returned to Europe, leaving General Joaqun Crespo in charge. The decade or so that followed was extremely bloody, with unspeakable atrocities on both sides and several important battles, but in the end, the patriots prevailed, finally securing Venezuelan independence in 1821. The expedition of Los Cayos de San Luis or simply Expedition of Los Cayos is the name given to the two invasions that the Libertador Simn Bolvar carried out from Haiti at the end of 1815 during 1816 with the purpose of liberating Venezuela from the Spanish forces. In the northern part of South America, Simn Bolvar initiated his fight for independence by liberating the countries that formed part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. Seven out of the ten provinces that belonged to the Captaincy General of Venezuela declared their independence and provided justifications for doing so, among them that it was undesirable that a small European nation ruled the vast swaths of the New World and that Spanish America regained its right to self-government. In the northern part of South America, Simn Bolvar initiated his fight for independence by liberating the countries that formed part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (which included all or parts of the modern nations of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela). When the USS Maine sank, the United States believed the tragedy was the result of Spanish sabotage and declared war on Spain. Monteverde withdraws to Puerto Cabello and Bolvar returns to Caracas after sending Urdaneta against Coro. Such an offer is not accepted and the emissary receives as an answer: "Tell the Spanish chief that without a country I don't want a wife." She gets hope for a triumph of her own, but at dawn, when all is calm, she hears only the wailing of the dying and wounded from the fray. Then in the Battle of Calabozo, Bolvar is victorious over Pablo Morillo, Paez takes charge as commander of the vanguard to pursue the Spaniards and defeats them in the Uriosa on February 15, 1818. The first of the military dictators was General Jos Antonio Pez, who gave the country better government than it would see again for nearly a century. He intimidated the Conservative congress and appointed Liberal Party ministers. Americans, count on life, even if you are guilty.". The issues in these so-called Federalist Wars were, on the Liberal side, federalism, democracy, and social reform and, on the Conservative side, centralism and preservation of the political and social status quo. In this research paper, I will attempt to connect the . Emparn was stripped of authority and sent back to Spain. General Pez recognized Bolvar's authority and on February 12, 1818, with the Toma de las Flecheras where the llanero lancers crossed the Apure River and jumped into the river on their horses swimming before the confused sight of the royalists and took the Spanish boats. Francisco de Miranda was a Venezuelan soldier who had gone to Europe and had become a General during the French Revolution. [5] On March 5, 1811, the Supreme Junta of Caracas ceased its functions.[4]. when did Venezuela declare independence 1811 what did Miranda do that made others view him as a traitor and in what year signed an armistice in 1812 who was Jose Tomas Boves (what year) a royalist military leader who led the llaneros against Venezuelan independence supporters, 1814 llaneros cowboys what was the motivation behind the revolution Minster, Christopher. Among its members were Jos Flix Ribas, Francisco Jos Ribas, Antonio Muoz Tbar, Vicente Salias, and Miguel Jos Sanz. [7] Juan Escalona, who presided over the first independence triumvirate, issued a proclamation to the inhabitants of Caracas letting them know that the Congress had voted for absolute independence. The triumph allowed Bolvar to start the Campaigns of the South while his subordinates finished the fight in Venezuela. But civil war followed. After returning to Haiti and organizing a new expedition, Bolvar set sail from the port of Jacmel and arrived at Juan Griego on December 28, 1816, and at Barcelona on the 31st where he established his headquarters and planned a campaign on Caracas with the concentration of the forces operating in Apure, Guayana and Oriente but after a series of inconveniences he abandoned the plan and moved to Guayana to take command of the operations against the royalists in the region. Thus culminates the Third Republic.[18]. On July 5, 1811, the ruling junta voted in favor of complete Independence from Spain - their self-rule was no longer dependent on the state of the Spanish king. Backed by their personal armies, a series of warlordlike caudillos (leaders) assumed power, which they exercised for their personal benefit rather than for that of the nation. The Capital of Gran Colombia would be Bogot. The Complete Story of Venezuela's Revolution for Independence. A cavalry corps was assigned as a reserve. The son of a . Great Britain repeatedly refused Venezuelas requests to refer the matter to arbitration, and in 1887 Venezuela suspended diplomatic relations. He is a former head writer at VIVA Travel Guides. Pablo Morillo tells in his memoirs that when he arrived in Spain, after the embrace with Simn Bolvar and the signing of the Armistice Treaty of Santa Ana, the King of Spain called him to his presence and said: "Explain to me how it is that you, who triumphed against the French, against the troops of Napoleon Bonaparte, arrive here defeated by savages. This Treaty was signed for six months and obliged both armies to remain in the positions they occupied at the time of its signing. The Capital of Quito would be Quito. In this single clash, passionate and violent, more than 500 horsemen of Yez, the aa of the llaneros, were killed. In 1817, Bolvar hadPiararrested and executed, putting the other warlords on notice that he would deal with them harshly as well. As in most parts of the American continent . In exchange, the royalists would respect people and goods. On September 24, his wife Luisa Cceres de Arismendi, who was pregnant, is taken hostage to subdue her husband and locked up under surveillance in the house of the Arns family, days later she is transferred to a dungeon of the Castillo Santa Rosa in La Asuncin. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Ferdinand VII, theheir to the Spanish crown, was a prisoner of Napoleon of France, who became the de facto (if indirect) ruler of Spain. Immediately, the president of the Congress, Congressman Juan Antonio Rodriguez, announced that "The absolute Independence of Venezuela [was] solemnly declared. The Mantuanos, who constituted the most powerful social group of the society, led an attempt to constitute a Governing Board to govern the destiny of the Captaincy General of Venezuela as a result of the invasion of Spain by Napoleon. The Guayana Campaign of 1816 -1817, was the second campaign carried out by the Venezuelan patriots in the Venezuelan War of Independence in the Guayana region after the 1811 -1812 campaignwhich had ended in disaster. [4], Guayana spoke out on May 11 in favor of the Supreme Junta, but upon learning on June 3 of the installation in Spain of the Supreme Central and Governing Junta of Spain and the Indies, it recognized the latter as the legitimate authority and distanced itself from the Caracas revolution. On December 17 of that year, Bolivar died. When Boves realized that his column had been enveloped, he left his center precipitously and perished in the clash. Under the Spanish colonial system, Venezuela was a bit of a backwater. But so bravely behaved in action, that Bolivar told the soldiers the next day: "Your courage has won yesterday on the battlefield, a name for your corps, and even in the midst of the fire, when I saw you triumphant, I proclaimed it of the Victor Battalion of Araure. The royalists are defeated again in the battle of Trincheras, on October 3. When the armistice expired on April 28, 1821, both sides began a mobilization of their forces, the Spaniards had a deployment that favored a combat "in detail", defeating the patriot divisions one at a time. When Pez rebelled in 1848, Monagas defeated him and forced him into exile. After making all the preparations for the battle, the patriot detachment marched during the night of December 4 to 5, to dawn in rica in front of the royalistsBoves had already joined the placedeployed in 3 columns in a great savannah. Radicals within the government, such as Simn Bolvar, Jos Flix Ribas, and Francisco de Miranda pushed for unconditional independence and on July 5, 1811, the congress approved it, making Venezuela the first South American nation to formally sever all ties with Spain. In October 1892 Crespo seized power. (Historically, it is customary to call the Colombia of the Congress of Angostura. Liberal mismanagement and increasing political chaos provided an opportunity for the Conservatives, now led by Jos Tadeo Monagas, to return to power in 1868. Consequently, he ordered the divisions to modify their march on the left and go to the royalist right flank, which was uncovered; that is to say, Bolivar conceived a maneuver tending to overflow the enemy right wing, operation executed by the divisions of Jos Antonio Pez and Cedeo, while the Plaza division followed the road towards the center of the defensive position. A division was in charge of going through the battlefield, which was covered with corpses and supplies of all kinds, while Bolivar himself was in charge of the pursuit of the defeated. Minster, Christopher. The decade 184858 was one of dictatorial rule by Jos Tadeo Monagas and his brother, General Jos Gregorio Monagas, who alternated as president during the period. The governors of the three Departments would also be called vice-presidents. In 1815 the Spanish general Pablo Morillo landed with an expeditionary force that spearheaded the reconquest of much of New Granada. The first independence attempts took place in Venezuela at the end of the 18th century. The defeat at Lake Maracaibo made Morales' position untenable and he capitulated on August 3. The city erupted into chaos once more. The concentration of the independence troops took place in the city of San Carlos, where the armies of Bolivar, Paez and the division of Colonel Cruz Carrillo converged. The elections were held between October and November 1810. In addition, he abolished ecclesiastical privileges, cut off state subsidies to the Roman Catholic church, proclaimed religious liberty, legalized civil marriage, and also confiscated church properties, exiled the archbishop, and closed the convents.
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