This serial is missing from the BBC archives and survives only in audio form. This day led to the three Henry's war. [95] He concludes that the historical importance of the Massacre "lies not so much in the appalling tragedies involved as their demonstration of the power of sectarian passion to break down the barriers of civilisation, community and accepted morality". Ostara publications. Giovanni Michiel, from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre From The Religious Peace of Augsburg Reform in the Catholic World History 104 / January 16, 2013 I. He was shot from an upstairs window, and seriously wounded. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day . Body counts relating to other payments are computed from this. By focusing on describing the political and religious context for the massacre at the, beginning, the author demonstrates the severity of the event. Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . [71] Gentillet held, quite wrongly according to Sydney Anglo, that Machiavelli's "books [were] held most dear and precious by our Italian and Italionized courtiers" (in the words of his first English translation), and so (in Anglo's paraphrase) "at the root of France's present degradation, which has culminated not only in the St Bartholemew massacre but the glee of its perverted admirers". B. "The massacre was interpreted as an act of divine retribution; Coligny was considered a threat to Christendom and thus Pope Gregory XIII designated 11 September 1572 as a joint commemoration of the Battle of Lepanto and the massacre of the Huguenots. The impending marriage led to the gathering of a large number of well-born Protestants in Paris but Paris was a violently anti-Huguenot city, and Parisians, who tended to be extreme Catholics, found their presence unacceptable. From The Religious Peace of Augsburg, Reform in the Catholic World The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset France in the late 16th century. The Venetian government refused to allow the work to be printed there, and it was eventually published in Rome in 1574, and in the same year quickly reprinted in Geneva in the original Italian and a French translation.[70]. [96], One historian puts forward an analysis of the massacre in terms of social anthropology the religious historian Bruce Lincoln. Another novel depicting this massacre is Queen Jezebel, by Jean Plaidy (1953). She accordingly gave her approval to a plot that the Roman Catholic house of Guise had been hatching to assassinate Coligny, whom it held responsible for the murder of Franois de Guise in 1563. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was a wave of mob violence directed against the French Protestant (Huguenot) minority by the Catholic majority. [56] Moderate French Catholics also began to wonder whether religious uniformity was worth the price of such bloodshed and the ranks of the Politiques began to swell. The Guises were not prepared to make way for their rivals, the House of Montmorency. 31. 127132, The range of estimates available in the mid-19th century, with other details, are summarized by the Huguenot statesman and historian, Lincoln, p. 97 (a "bare minimum of 2,000" in Paris), and, Howe, E. "Architecture in Vasari's 'Massacre of the Huguenots',". [48], Among the slain were the philosopher Petrus Ramus, and in Lyon the composer Claude Goudimel. Turning to the queen, Admiral de Coligny said, "Madame, the king refuses to involve himself 9395 for a different emphasis. Another historian Mack P. Holt, Professor at George Mason University, agrees that Vigor, "the best known preacher in Paris", preached sermons that were full of references to the evils that would befall the capital should the Protestants seize control. Shortly after this decision, the municipal authorities of Paris were summoned. Louis governed the Principality of Orange around Avignon in southern France for his brother William the Silent, who was leading the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish. D. C. and Kingstown established diplomatic relations when St. Vincent and the Grenadines Ambassador Hudson Kemul Tannis presented his credentials Milton Cato: Ronald Reagan: December 7, 1981: [51], Pope Gregory XIII also commissioned the artist Giorgio Vasari to paint three frescos in the Sala Regia depicting the wounding of Coligny, his death, and Charles IX before Parliament, matching those commemorating the defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day, massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris on August 24/25, 1572, plotted by Catherine de Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. The second round, England : Anglicans vs. Catholics She, supposed his words had different meanings that alluded to his plan to stir up new storms and. [92], Some, like Leonie Frieda, emphasise the element within the mob violence of the "haves" being "killed by the 'have-nots'". [36], In the cities affected, the loss to the Huguenot communities after the massacres was numerically far larger than those actually killed; in the following weeks there were mass conversions to Catholicism, apparently in response to the threatening atmosphere for Huguenots in these cities. Component procedures may authorize DoD Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card Ordering Officers to make purchases up to the simplified acquisition threshold in which three of the following cases? C. Renewed power for the Roman Inquisition From Pursuit of Power:Venetian Ambassadors' Reports on Spain, Turkey and Francein the Age of Phillip II, 1560-1600, by James C. Davis (New York:-HarperCollins, 1970),pp. [60] Many Catholic authors were exultant in their praise of the king for his bold and decisive action (after regretfully abandoning a policy of meeting Huguenot demands as far as he could) against the supposed Huguenot coup, whose details were now fleshed out in officially sponsored works, though the larger mob massacres were somewhat deprecated: "[one] must excuse the people's fury moved by a laudable zeal which is difficult to restrain once it has been stirred up". Earlier Huguenot rage at Nimes (in 1567) led to the massacre of twenty-four Catholics, mostly priests and prominent laymen, at the hands of their Protestant neighbours. Thenceforth the Huguenots abandoned John Calvins principle of obedience to the civil magistratethat is, to the royal authorityand adopted the view that rebellion and tyrannicide were justifiable under certain circumstances. Glencoe World History ISBN: 9780133307023 Savvas Learning Co. 971 solutions. On August 18, 1572, Catherines daughter, Margaret of France (Marguerite de Valois), was married to the Huguenot Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France), and a large part of the Huguenot nobility came to Paris for the wedding. [citation needed] Elizabeth I of England's ambassador to France at that time, Sir Francis Walsingham, barely escaped with his life. The Edict of Boulogne (25 June, 1573) put an end to it, granting to all Huguenots amnesty for the past and liberty to worship in those three towns. Henry VIII (king of England, 1509-1547) The Vincentian ambassador in Washington, D. C. is the official representative of the Government in the Kingstown to the Government of the United States. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. The Guises, who were highly popular, exploited this situation to put pressure on the King and the Queen Mother. Catherine de Medici, the mother of Charles, feared Admiral Colignys growing influence over her son. The Catholic Reformation The story was also taken up in 1772 by Louis-Sbastien Mercier in his play Jean Hennuyer, Bishop of Lizieux, unperformed until the French Revolution. [61] Huguenot works understandably dwelt on the harrowing details of violence, expounded various conspiracy theories that the royal court had long planned the massacres, and often showed extravagant anti-Italian feelings directed at Catherine, Gondi, and other Italians at court. Power Point The future Pope Gregory served as a legate to Philip II of Spain, being sent by Pope Pius V to investigate the Cardinal of Toledo. Review and, 1.Which printmaking process is the most direct for translating the gestures of the hand? I. Anjou's supposed account was the source of the quotation attributed to Charles IX: "Well then, so be it! [101] Millais was inspired to create the painting after seeing Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots. Madame, the king refuses to involve himself in one war. 32. 154, The Jewish Encounter with Hellenism: The Maccabees' Rebellion 161, Chapter 5 The Civilization of Ancient Rome 169, A Mummy from the Time of the roman empire (100 C.E.) The massacre caused a "major international crisis". 8891 (quotation from p. 91), Foa, Jrmie, "Tous ceux qui tombent. Though by no means unique, the bloodletting "was the worst of the century's religious massacres". Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Prior to certifying the Managing Accounting Billing Statement for contract payments by Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card, the Approving/ Billing Official must do what two things? A 1440 tax survey of aliens indicates they made up 2%. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . [54] In Paris, the poet Jean-Antoine de Baf, founder of the Academie de Musique et de Posie, wrote a sonnet extravagantly praising the killings. Both the Pope and King Philip II of Spain strongly condemned Catherine's Huguenot policy as well. History 104 / January 16, 2013 They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [76] The question of whether the massacre had long been premeditated was not entirely settled until the late 19th century by which time a consensus was reached that it was not.[77][78][79]. Uh-oh, it looks like your Internet Explorer is out of date. Essay Questions:Bartholomew's Day Massacre? [31] In most of them, the killings swiftly followed the arrival of the news of the Paris massacre, but in some places there was a delay of more than a month. Admiral de Coligny was the most respected Huguenot leader and enjoyed a close relationship with the king, although he was distrusted by the king's mother. Wilson. Political Responses . The film follows Catherine de' Medici (Josephine Crowell) plotting the massacre, coercing her son King Charles IX (Frank Bennett) to sanction it. [86] This view is also partly supported by Cunningham and Grell (2000) who explained that "militant sermons by priests such as Simon Vigor served to raise the religious and eschatological temperature on the eve of the Massacre". Catherine de' Medici: according to tradition, the Queen Mother had been worried that the king was increasingly becoming dominated by Coligny. 1. [35] In Bordeaux the inflammatory sermon on September 29 of a Jesuit, Edmond Auger, encouraged the massacre that was to occur a few days later. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. 1,293 solutions. -It caused the Huguenots to flee France [32] It seems unlikely any such orders came from the king, although the Guise faction may have desired the massacres. A 1966 serial in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who entitled The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve is set during the events leading up to the Paris massacre. The news of the massacre was welcomed by Philip II of Spain, and Pope Gregory XIII had a medal struck to celebrate the event. He is the author of, Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations / Edition 7, Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser. Copyright 2001-2023 OCLC. [59], The massacre "spawned a pullulating mass of polemical literature, bubbling with theories, prejudices and phobias". Shortly before dawn on August 24 the bell of Saint-Germain-lAuxerrois began to toll and the massacre began. Take notes, add highlights, and download our mobile-friendly e-books. Chains were used to block streets so that Protestants could not escape from their houses. A. Ignatius of Loyola & the Society of Jesus Amongst other things, Catherine reportedly feared that Coligny's influence would drag France into a war with Spain over the Netherlands. "Many Protestant houses were burned, invoking the traditional purification by fire of all heretics. available here [27] According to some interpretations, the survival of these Huguenots was a key point in Catherine's overall scheme, to prevent the House of Guise from becoming too powerful. A rich, relevant collection of primary sources at an exceptional value Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations features a diverse range of primary sources, offering a total of 251 classic and contemporary documents of varying length, as well as images. Recovery of cost from Governmentwide Commercial, "in step 12 of the governmentwide commercial purchase card program process, what are three situations in which the acceptor must ensure written independent receipt and acceptance?" Ordinary lay Catholics were involved in the mass killings; they believed they were executing the wishes of the king and of God. The two leading Huguenots, Henry of Navarre and his cousin the Prince of Cond (respectively aged 19 and 20), were spared as they pledged to convert to Catholicism; both would eventually renounce their conversions when they managed to escape Paris. Gaspard de Coligny a Huguenot leader, was the trigger that made the events of St. Bartholomews Day Massacre in 1572. Catherine de' Medici, also called Catherine de Mdicis, Italian Caterina de' Medici, (born April 13, 1519, Florence [Italy]died January 5, 1589, Blois, France), queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 1547-59) and subsequently regent of France (1560-74), who was one of the most influential personalities of the Catholic-Huguenot wars. The dates are in Garrison, p. 139, who adds, Holt (2005 ed. Staunch Catholics were shocked by the return of Protestants to the court, but the queen mother, Catherine de' Medici, and her son, Charles IX, were practical in their support of peace and Coligny, as they were conscious of the kingdom's financial difficulties and the Huguenots' strong defensive position: they controlled the fortified towns of La Rochelle, La Charit-sur-Loire, Cognac, and Montauban. People "[52], Although these formal acts of rejoicing in Rome were not repudiated publicly, misgivings in the papal curia grew as the true story of the killings gradually became known. Elizabeth restores the Church of England (1558- ) [49], The French 18th-century historian Louis-Pierre Anquetil, in his Esprit de la Ligue of 1767, was among the first to begin impartial historical investigation, emphasizing the lack of premeditation (before the attempt on Coligny) in the massacre and that Catholic mob violence had a history of uncontrollable escalation. Three of her sons were kings of France . King Charles IX ordered the killing of a group of Huguenot leaders, including Coligny, and the slaughter spread throughout Paris. 14445, who rejects the view that this "met le feu au poudres" (lit the powder) in Bordeaux. The man, true to his beliefs, gently refuses her. He wrote a strongly anti-Catholic and anti-French play based on the events entitled The Massacre at Paris. 33. Historian Jrmie Foa offers a very unique view of the 1572 massacres in his work entitled Tous ceux qui tombent: visages du massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy [All that fall: faces of the St. Bartholomew's day massacre]. Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day, Christianity Today - The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, World History Encyclopedia - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Institute for Advanced Study - The massacre of St. Bartholomews Day was an affair between neighbors. The featured documents offer a rich array of sources on the conflict -- including royal edicts, popular songs, polemics, eyewitness accounts, memoirs, paintings, and engravings -- to enable students to explore the massacre, the nature of church-state relations, the moral responsibility of secular and religious authorities, and the origins and consequences of religious persecution and intolerance in this period. The following other wikis use this file: Usage on af.wikipedia.org Bartolomeusnag; Catharina de' Medici; Usage on ar.wikipedia.org Whitehead, Barbara (1994), "Revising the Revisionists," in: The subject of Butterfield's chapter, referenced below. Useful pedagogic aids include headnotes and gloss notes to the documents, a list of major figures, a chronology of key events, questions for consideration, a selected bibliography, and an index. The king's Swiss mercenaries were given the task of killing a list of leading Protestants. 8283, and Lincoln, p. 96, and Knecht (2001), p. 361, Knecht (2001), p. 364. He wrote in part, "St. Bartholomew's was unquestionably the finest thing of the kind ever devised and accomplished in the world. 81, Hippocrates From On Airs, Waters, and Places 93, Herodotus From The Histories: The Second Persian Invasion of Greece 100, Thucydides From The Peloponnesian Wars 106, Vase Depicting a Slave, Perhaps in a Scene from a Greek Play (c. 450 B.C.E.) Protestant nations were horrified. Family feuds and confessional choices The first round, Germany : Lutherans vs. Catholics Other theories about who was ultimately responsible for the attack centre on three candidates: The attempted assassination of Coligny triggered the crisis that led to the massacre. [50] The pope ordered a Te Deum to be sung as a special thanksgiving (a practice continued for many years after) and had a medal struck with the motto Ugonottorum strages 1572 (Latin: "Overthrow (or slaughter) of the Huguenots 1572") showing an angel bearing a cross and a sword before which are the felled Protestants. According to the contemporary French historian Jacques Auguste de Thou, one of Coligny's murderers was struck by how calmly he accepted his fate, and remarked that "he never saw anyone less afraid in so great a peril, nor die more steadfastly". 41, Treaty between Ramesses II of Egypt and Hattusilis III of Hatti 47, The Victory Stele of Merneptah (c. 1210 B.C.E.) King Charles IX of France was Catherine's second son to sit on the . On the contrary, our common love for Christ impels us to seek tirelessly the path of full unity."[98]. Thus, some modern historians have stressed the critical and incendiary role that militant preachers played in shaping ordinary lay beliefs, both Catholic and Protestant. One can also understand why, the day after the start of the massacre, Catherine de' Medici, through royal declaration of Charles IX, condemned the crimes, and threatened the Guise family with royal justice. Modern estimates for the number of dead across France vary widely, from 5,000 to 30,000. The corpses floating down the Rhne from Lyon are said to have put the people of Arles off drinking the water for three months. 1st Edition ISBN: 9780547034997 Dahia Ibo Shabaka, Larry S. Krieger, Linda Black, Phillip C. Naylor, Roger B. Beck. Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny, a Huguenot leader, supported a war in the Low Countries against Spain as a means to prevent a resumption of civil war, a plan that the French king, Charles IX, was coming to approve in the summer of 1572. Political Responses . 5 In 1546 the Venetian ambassador, Mariano Cavalli, estimated the . Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) [6] The Parlement's opposition and the court's absence from the wedding led to increased political tension. It was in this context that the massacre came to be seen as a product of Machiavellianism, a view greatly influenced by the Huguenot Innocent Gentillet, who published his Discours contre Machievel in 1576, which was printed in ten editions in three languages over the next four years. Please check back later for updated availability. Impact California Social Studies World History, Culture, and Geography The Modern World 3. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . The assortment of material allows you to . Inchbald kept the historical setting, but The Massacre, completed by February 1792, also reflected events in the recent French Revolution, though not the September Massacres of 1792, which coincided with its printing. [45] At the higher end are total figures of up to 20,000,[46] or 30,000 in total, from "a contemporary, non-partisan guesstimate" quoted by the historians Felipe Fernndez-Armesto and D. "[91], However Raymond Mentzer points out that Protestants "could be as bloodthirsty as Catholics. Painting of the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre in Paris / Franois Dubois -- 20. Aware of the danger of reprisals from the Protestants, the king and his court visited Coligny on his sickbed and promised him that the culprits would be punished. [99], Joseph Chnier's play Charles IX was a huge success during the French Revolution, drawing strongly anti-monarchical and anti-religious lessons from the massacre. [25] Recent research by Jrmie Foa, investigating the prosopography suggests that the massacres were carried by a group of militants who had already made out lists of Protestants deserving extermination, and the mass of the population, whether approving or disapproving, were not directly involved.[26]. Holt concludes that "while the general massacre might have been prevented, there is no evidence that it was intended by any of the elites at court", listing a number of cases where Catholic courtiers intervened to save individual Protestants who were not in the leadership. Christopher Marlowe was one of many Elizabethan writers who were enthusiastic proponents of these ideas. [58] Even Tsar Ivan the Terrible expressed horror at the carnage in a letter to the Emperor. [10], The court itself was extremely divided. "[28] A jubilee celebration, including a procession, was then held, while the killings continued in parts of the city. For the, Attempted assassination of Admiral de Coligny, Holt (2005), pp. [89] Some blame the complete esteem with which the sovereign's office was held, justified by prominent French Roman Catholic theologians, and that the special powers of French Kings "were accompanied by explicit responsibilities, the foremost of which was combating heresy". Lasting several weeks in all, the massacre expanded outward to the countryside and other urban centres. Enabling JavaScript in your browser will allow you to experience all the features of our site. Mons; Sommires; Sancerre; La Rochelle, War of the Three Henrys (158589) Coutras; Vimory; Day of the Barricades, Succession of Henry IV of France (158994) Useful pedagogic aids include headnotes and gloss notes to the documents, a list of major figures, a chronology of key events, questions for consideration, a selected bibliography, and an index. To placate the angry Huguenots, the government agreed to investigate the assassination attempt. Franois, Duke of Montmorency and governor of Paris, was unable to control the disturbances in the city. Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . Many Protestants were nobles or bourgeois and Frieda adds that "a number of bourgeois Catholic Parisians had suffered the same fate as the Protestants; many financial debts were wiped clean with the death of creditors and moneylenders that night". [7], Compounding this bad feeling was the fact that the harvests had been poor and taxes had risen. ("Emond" or "Edmond"). In his Histoire vritable de la ville de Lyon, the memorialist and former consul (town councillor) Claude de Rubys devoted just a few lines to the events of late August 1572, when the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacres had reached Lyon. Jarnac; La Roche-l'Abeille; Poitiers; Orthez; Moncontour; Saint-Jean d'Angly; Arney-le-Duc, Fourth; 157273 34. 33. 33. 30. 89102, quotation from p. 102, Burdett, Sarah, Sarah Burdett, "'Feminine Virtues Violated Motherhood, Female Militancy and
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