4, but show both models in Supplementary Data4. The Saami Loanwords In Finnish and Karelian(University of Oulu, 2009). Yamnaya Corded Ware. in 1500rpm, with slow acceleration). Duplicate removal was carried out using DeDup v0.12.1. 2a, Supplementary Figure3), suggesting limited effects of potential contamination. Google Scholar. Raghavan, M. et al. Genetic adaptation of fatty-acid metabolism: a human-specific haplotype increasing the biosynthesis of long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Meyer, M. & Kircher, M. Illumina sequencing library preparation for highly multiplexed target capture and sequencing. Radiocarbon 51, 337360 (2009). Regarding this site, we therefore relied on the non-UDG libraries (using transversions only) that were generated for the three individuals used in the main analysis. PCA of Europe can be found in Supplementary Figure3. b Plot of ADMIXTURE (K=11) results containing worldwide populations. Dating the introduction of Siberian ancestry using ALDER. The raw sequence data of the 16 modern and ancient individuals presented in this paper are deposited at the European Nucleotide Archive (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena). Comparisons were made to previously extracted DNA from other ancient Europeans, Asians and Native Americans. The Ohio History Connection, a nonprofit organization that works to preserve Ohio history, currently has over 7,100 ancestral . In the case of PWC from Sweden where none of the outgroup sets OG1-4 produced a working model, a revised set of right populations was used (OG5) which includes Samara_HG to provide more power to distinguish hunter-gatherer ancestries. Ancient individuals from this study (black box)are represented by thicker bars and shown in bold. a ALDER-inferred admixture dates (filled circles) for different populations, using Nganasan and Lithuanian as sources. Genet. Hausen, R. Registrum Ecclesiae Aboensis Eller bo Domkyrkas Svartbok Med Tillgg Ur Skoklosters Codex Aboensis (Kansallisarkisto, 1890). Broushaki, F. et al. Bioinformatics 28, 16471649 (2012). Eur. One Levnluhta (JK1968) and the two Chalmny Varre individuals consistently formed a clade with modern-day Saami, but not with modern-day Finns, with respect to all worldwide populations. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. DNA analysis of an early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, China. Nat. An ancestry component associated with Europes first farmers (orange) is maximized in Early Neolithic Europeans associated with the LBK (from German: Linearbandkeramik). and J.Kr. A genome-wide analysis of population structure in the Finnish Saami with implications for genetic association studies. De situ linguarum fennicarum aetatis ferreae, Pars I. RMN Newsletter 9, 64115 (2014). Forensic Sci. Not long after the Yamnaya invasion, their skeletons were buried with those of women who had lived on farms as children, according to the strontium and nitrogen isotopes in their bones, says Price, who analyzed them. To ensure the outgroup sets had enough power to distinguish the ancestries present in the sources, we ran qpWave (version 410) using only the sources as left populations and each outgroup set as rights. 5a), suggesting that the observed genetic ancestry in north-eastern Europe is inconsistent with a single-pulse admixture event. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5. Greenlandic Inuit show genetic signatures of diet and climate adaptation. For each Test population, if outgroup set OG1 did not produce a working full model (p<0.05), we tried alternative outgroup sets with one right population removed. The supernatant was separated from the pellet of bone powder by centrifugation (14,000rpm). This lifestyle was brought to Europe 8,000 years ago from Anatolia, as settlements expanded across the After preliminary contamination tests, a sample of 96 individuals from the Late Stone Age was examined. Inferring admixture histories of human populations using linkage disequilibrium. A common variation in EDAR is a genetic determinant of shovel-shaped incisors. Nature 522, 207211 (2015). Human Y chromosome haplogroup N: a non-trivial time-resolved phylogeography that cuts across language families. Yamnaya Native Americans African East Asian South Asian 35% 25% 15% 10% 8% 4% 3% 25% Agriculture in Europe has origins in the Near East, back to the first farmers who cultivated barley and wheat in the hillocks of the Fertile Crescent. S.S., J.Kr. Nature 534, 200205 (2016). It is, however, unclear whether all of them spoke Saami, or if some of them were Finns who had changed their subsistence strategy from agriculture to hunting and fishing. - Heyd, V. 2011, Yamnaya groups and tumuli West of the Black Sea, in Ancestral Lanscapes, TMO 58, Lyon, 535-555. The procedure included a blunt-end repair, adapter ligation and adapter fill-in steps, as described by Meyer and Kircher59. We imported the trimmed mitochondrial reads for each individual with mapping quality >30 into Geneious (version 10.0.9, https://www.geneious.com)68 and reassembled these reads to the reference genome RSRS78, using the Geneious mapper, with medium sensitivity and 5 iterations. Linguistic evidence shows that Saami languages were spoken in Finland prior to the arrival of the early Finnish language and have dominated the whole of the Finnish region before 1000 CE16,17,18. These people wiped out almost all the male population of . Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Article Genome Res. When the five-way admixture models provided by qpAdm had p-values above 0.05, but included infeasible mixture proportions and one of the sources was assigned a negative mixture proportion, we ran the model again with that source was excluded. It also explains how people from Germany, for example, are showing small percentages of Native American ancestry. Nat Commun 9, 5018 (2018). collected the modern Saami sample. supervised sequencing of the modern Saami and post-sequencing bioinformatics. Kearse, M. et al. This is also consistent with the increased proportion of early European farmer ancestry related to Neolithic Europeans (Fig. Carpelan, C. inInariAanaar. To investigate the genetic affinities of the sampled individuals, we projected them onto principal components (PC) computed from 1320 modern European and Asian individuals (Fig. Takala, H. O. ADS B Biol. Preprint at https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/11/19/088716 (2016). Cite this article. BWA aln (version 0.7.12-r1039, https://sourceforge.net/projects/bio-bwa/files)64 was used to map the reads to the hs37d5 human reference sequence, with a seed length (-l) of 32, max number of differences (-n) of 0.01 while doing no quality filtering. Finally, 5000 to 4800 years ago, nomadic herders known as the Yamnaya swept into Europe. Whole-genome sequencing of 175 Mongolians uncovers population-specific genetic architecture and gene flow throughout North and East Asia, Genomic insights into the formation of human populations in East Asia, Ancient DNA reveals admixture history and endogamy in the prehistoric Aegean, The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia, The spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the islands of the western Mediterranean, People from Ibiza: an unexpected isolate in the Western Mediterranean, Genome-wide analysis of a collective grave from Mentesh Tepe provides insight into the population structure of early neolithic population in the South Caucasus, West Asian sources of the Eurasian component in Ethiopians: a reassessment, The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene, https://sourceforge.net/projects/bio-bwa/files, https://github.com/stschiff/sequenceTools.git, https://github.com/TCLamnidis/Sex.DetERRmine, https://www.genetics.ucla.edu/software/admixture/download.html, https://github.com/TCLamnidis/ContaminateGenotypes, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/11/19/088716, Description of Additional Supplementary Files, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Inferring biological kinship in ancient datasets: comparing the response of ancient DNA-specific software packages to low coverage data, Admixture has obscured signals of historical hard sweeps in humans, The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool, Dairying, diseases and the evolution of lactase persistence in Europe, Phylogenetic history of patrilineages rare in northern and eastern Europe from large-scale re-sequencing of human Y-chromosomes, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022. The populations used were: Ami, Ami.DG, Armenian, Atayal, Atayal.DG, Balochi, Basque, BedouinB, Belarusian, Brahmin_Tiwari, Brahui, Chuvash, Croatian, Cypriot, Czech, English, Estonian, Even, Finnish, Finnish.DG, French, Greek, GujaratiB, Hadza, Han, Hungarian, Icelandic, Kalash, Karitiana, Lithuanian, Makrani, Mala, Mansi, Mansi.DG, Mari.SG, Mbuti, Mbuti.DG, Mixe, Mordovian, Nganasan, Norwegian, Onge, Orcadian, Papuan, Pima, Russian, Saami.DG, ModernSaami, Sardinian, Scottish, Selkup, Spanish, Ukrainian, Ulchi, Yoruba, ALPC_Hungary_MN, Baalberge_MN, Baltic_BA, Baltic_CCC, Baltic_CWC, Baltic_LN, BolshoyOleniOstrov, Bu_kk_Culture_Hungary_MN, ChalmnyVarre, CHG, EHG, Esperstedt_MN, Ganj_Dareh_Iran_Neolithic, Hungary_MN, Hungary_Neolithic, Iran_Chalcolithic, JK2065, Koros_Hungary_EN, Kunda, Latvia_HG3, Latvia_MN1, LBK_EN, LBK_Hungary_EN, Levanluhta, Narva, PWC_Sweden_NHG.SG, Scandinavia_LNBA, SHG, Sweden_HG.SG, TRB, Ukraine_HG1, Ukraine_N1, WHG, Yamnaya_Samara. However, little is known about the ancient population history of north-eastern Europe, in particular about populations speaking Uralic languages, such as Finns and Saami. Hum. Those that don't comply risk losing their funding. 28(University of Tartu Publisher, 2018). Nature 538, 201206 (2016). The population history of Finland is subject to an ongoing discussion, especially concerning the status of the Saami as the earlier inhabitants of Finland, compared to Finns. Science editor, BBC News website. Yamnayan DNA tested by Haak (2015), Wilde (2014), Mathieson (2015) showed that Yamna people (or at . AllSaami refers to a grouping including the 2 individuals from the SGDP (Saami(SGDP)) and the high-coverage modern Saami shotgun genome in this study (Modern Saami). 2a, Supplementary Figures3a, b for a version focusing on West Eurasia). Radiocarbon 55, 18691887 (2013). 23, 553559 (2013). Extraction for the Levnluhta samples was similarly conducted in the clean-room facilities of the Institute for Archaeological Sciences in Tbingen. Google Scholar. 24. 51 (Oxford University Press, 2014). We used the in-built automated variant caller within Geneious to find mitochondrial polymorphisms with a minimum coverage of 3 and a minimum Variant Frequency of 0.67. P-values (chi-square) for each model are shown in square brackets next to the test population. All programmes used for calculating F statistics in this study can be found as part of the Admixtools package (https://github.com/DReichLab/AdmixTools)2,42. We analysed low coverage genomes from four additional individuals of the Levnluhta site using PCA (Supplementary Figure3), confirming the exclusive position of Levnluhta_B compared to all other six individuals (including the four low-coverage individuals) from that site, as is consistent with the ADMIXTURE and qpAdm results. Map generated with QGIS 2.18.19 (http://www.qgis.org/) using the Natural Earth country boundary dataset (http://www.naturalearthdata.com) for the basemap. This again was followed by the addition of 200 U UGI (Uracil Glycosylase inhibitor, by NEB) and another identical incubation to stop the enzymatic excision of deaminated sites, as described in60. The novel genome-wide data presented here from ancient individuals from Finland opens new insights into Finnish population history. This result is still non-significantly negative, either due to the low number of modern Saami individuals in our dataset (n=3), or due to post-admixture drift in modern Saami. Terminal base deamination damage calculation was done using mapDamage, specifying a length (-l) of 100bp (Supplementary Table1). Fondevila, M. et al. With Finns as test, modern Icelanders were the European source giving most negative statistics. Here, we report five Yamnaya individuals well-dated to 3021 to 2501 calibrated BCE from kurgans in Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary, displaying changes in bone morphology and distinct pathologies associated with horseback riding. Haak, W. et al. EAGER: efficient ancient genome reconstruction. The fitted trendline considers a minimum distance of 1cM. 5 (ed. Available dates for ancient populations are shown in white diamonds. The steppe ancestry component within modern Europeans (green), which is associated with the Yamnaya population, is maximised in ancient Iranian populations and to a lesser extent Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG). Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja96, 287316 (2017). Therefore the admixture date estimate for Bolshoy does not preclude earlier admixture events bringing Siberian Nganasan-related ancestry into the population, in multiple waves. Indeed, for all other populations with evidence of this ancestry, we find much younger admixture dates (Fig. As a consequence, most Europeans can be modelled as a mixture of these three ancestral populations3. In Proc. 4). We found that within expected noise due to a low number of SNPs, all samples show consistency between the filtered and non-filtered datasets, suggesting a low amount of contamination in all of the samples (Supplementary Figure3a, b). These East European emigrants, reportedly had excellent tools than other tribes at that time. Additionally, we gain further insights into the genetic history of the Saami in Finland, by showing that during the Iron Age, close genetic relatives of modern Saami lived in an area much further south than their current geographic range. We did not observe significant differences (within our resolution) in the ancestry patterns between the ancient individuals from the same site, with the exception of Levnluhta, where the individual sample JK2065 seems to derive from a different ancestry. Cold Spring Harb. In addition, we sequenced the whole genome of a modern Saami individual to 17.5-fold coverage, for whom genotyping data has previously been published1. Genet. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. 7, 447458 (1999). Wessman, A. L. A place of punishment, sacrifice or just a common cemetery? This revealed robust contamination estimates for 2 male Bolshoy individuals, and 1 male Chalmny-Varre individual. The admixture model needing the minimum number of sources while still providing feasible admixture proportions is always shown. Curr. supervised the study. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in The Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools. The captured libraries were sequenced (75bp single-end, plus additional paired-end for the three non-UDG libraries of the Levnluhta individuals) on an Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments. R. Soc. M828815 RISE552_Yamnaya: M655536 I0231 Yamnaya - . For each specimen, ~50mg of dentine powder was used for an extraction procedure specifically designed for ancient DNA retrieval58. A high degree of population-specific drift can affect f3-statistics and result in less negative and even positive values42. Moiseyev, V. G. & Khartanovich, V. I. Genet. Error bars represent one standard error provided by ALDER and include the uncertainty surrounding the dating of ancient population samples, calculated using standard propagation. 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany, Matthias Ongyerth,Antje Weihmann,Janet Kelso&Svante Pbo, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 40 (Kytsuontie 11), Helsinki, 00014, Finland, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland, You can also search for this author in This genocide in Spain by the Yamnaya culture took place during the bronze age. However, no direct dating was available for the Levnluhta material, and we cannot exclude the possibility of a temporal gap between this individual and the other individuals from that site. Based on the radiocarbon date for Bolshoy and its uncertainty, and assuming a generation time of 29 years47, we estimate the time of introduction of the Siberian Nganasan-related ancestry in Bolshoy to be 3977 (77) years before present (yBP) (Fig. 46 samples were pooled in equal mass ratios at a total of 2000ng of DNA. To determine the genetic sex of each ancient individual we calculated the coverage on the autosomes as well as on each sex chromosome. Recently, ancient DNA has brought new insights into European migration events linked to the advent of agriculture, and possibly to the spread of Indo-European languages. The resulting reads were then aligned to the hs37d5 human reference genome using bwa 0.5.9-r16 (parameters -e 20 -o 2 -n 0.01). While this suggests an upper bound of 5,000 yBP for the arrival of this Siberian ancestry, we cannot exclude the possibility of its presence even earlier, yet restricted to more northern regions, as suggested by its absence in populations in the Baltics during the Bronze Age. A majority of Yamnaya ancestry came from Caucasus-based hunter-gatherers and a minority . In brief, the sample preparation steps included UV-irradiation for 3045min, followed by gentle wiping of the surface with diluted commercial bleaches. We find that Nganasan-related ancestry is significantly present in all of our ancient samples except for Levnluhta_B, and in many modern, mainly Uralic-speaking populations. 2b) in our later samples. Am. Suom.-Ugr. J. Hum. performed the laboratory work of the modern Saami genome. Genome Biol. Four additional individuals from Levnluhta were excluded from the main analysis and from this authentication test because of low coverage (<15,000 covered SNPs) and lack of non-UDG libraries. Int. In 2015 Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe and Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia were published. Fu, Q. et al. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Katoh, K., Kuma, K.-I., Toh, H. & Miyata, T. MAFFT version 5: improvement in accuracy of multiple sequence alignment. . For modern Hungarians, the European source giving most negative results was French, while both Bolshoy and Nganasan gave equally negative results when used as the Siberian source. The sequenced DNA fragments were mapped to the human reference genome, and pseudohaploid genotypes were called based on a random read covering each targeted SNP (see Methods). Scandinavian hunter-gatherers from Motala in Sweden have also been found to carry haplotypes associated with this allele4. These authors jointly supervised this work: Pivi Onkamo, Wolfgang Haak, Johannes Krause, Stephan Schiffels. We calibrated the radiocarbon date of Bolshoy, reported in refs 24,55 as 347342 years BP, using Intcal1356 as the calibration curve, using OxCal 4.357. Katoh, K. & Toh, H. PartTree: an algorithm to build an approximate tree from a large number of unaligned sequences. To obtain Genet. K.M. To introduce the UDG-half treatment, an initial stage was included in the library preparation, in which 250 U USER enzyme (NEB) was added into the 20l of extract, followed by an incubation at 37C for 30min, and then 12C for 1min. Proc. In this study, we present new genome-wide data from Finland and the Russian Kola Peninsula, from 11 individuals who lived between 3500 and 200 years ago (and 4 more ancient genomes with very low coverage). For the three Levnluhta libraries that did not undergo UDG treatment, we only genotyped transversions, thus eliminating artefacts of post-mortem C->T damage from further analyses. Therefore, even if the Siberian genetic component partly spread alongside Uralic languages, some Siberian ancestry may have been already present in the area from earlier admixture events. ADS Reimer, P. J. et al. Kimura, R. et al. The Native-American-related ancestry seen in the EHG and Bolshoy corresponds to a previously reported affinity towards Ancient North Eurasians . In addition, we generated a PMD-filtered dataset for all individuals using pmdtools (version 0.60)30. The adapter ligation step included a mixture of 1Quick Ligase Buffer (NEB), 250nM Illumina Adapters (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.125 U/l Quick Ligase (NEB), added to the 18l eluate, followed by a 20min incubation, and second purification step with MinElute columns, this time in 20l eluate. The cemetery and the surrounding area were abandoned in the 1960s because of planned industrial constructions, and later became the subject of archaeological excavations. Chuan-Chao Wang, Hui-Yuan Yeh, David Reich, Eirini Skourtanioti, Harald Ringbauer, Philipp W. Stockhammer, Choongwon Jeong, Oleg Balanovsky, Johannes Krause, Daniel M. Fernandes, Alissa Mittnik, David Reich, Simone Andrea Biagini, Neus Sol-Morata, Francesc Calafell, Perle Guarino-Vignon, Mal Lefeuvre, Cline Bon, Ludovica Molinaro, Francesco Montinaro, Luca Pagani, Martin Sikora, Vladimir V. Pitulko, Eske Willerslev, Nature Communications Natl Acad. Pioneering, Resource Use, Coping with ChangeVol. The location of other sites relevant to this study is also shown. We therefore assigned it a separate population label, Levnluhta_B in this study. Mol. In the case of Levnluhta, multiple outgroup sets produced working models, which are listed in Supplementary Data4. 9, e1003296 (2013). Walsh, S. et al. Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians. . We used qp3Pop (version 412) for all F3 calculations. For these untreated libraries, two rounds of sequencing were carried out, which were processed using EAGER with the above parameters, but specifying a non-UDG treatment mode and setting the correct sequencing type between the libraries. To test whether the ancient individuals from Levnluhta form a clade with modern-day Saami or with modern Finns, we calculated f4(Saami(SGDP), Test; X, Mbuti) and f4(Finnish, Test; X, Mbuti), where Test was substituted with each ancient individual from Levnluhta, the two historical Saami individuals from Chalmny Varre, as well as the Modern Saami individual, and X was substituted by worldwide modern-day populations (Supplementary Data5 & 6, and Supplementary Figures5 & 6). N1c is common among modern Uralic speakers, and has also been detected in Hungarian individuals dating to the 10th century44, yet it is absent in all published Mesolithic genomes from Karelia and the Baltics3,8,45,49. A Copernican reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root. Their common ancestors were indeed from central Asia, thousands of years ago, and we can still see vestiges of that population today in both groups of people. The source data underlying all main and Supplementary Figures are provided as a Source Data file. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 050,000 years cal BP. Indeed, post-admixture drift would correlate well with the suggested founder effect43 in Saami. Katoh, K., Misawa, K., Kuma, K.-I. This was possible for all samples with UDG-half treatment, except for the individuals from Levnluhta, which represented too little damage for the PMD-filtering to be applied. By T101 in forum Paleogenetics The shotgun genome of the modern Saami individual was genotyped using GATK (version 1.3-25-g32cdef9) Unified Genotyper after indel realignment. Inarin historia jkaudesta nykypivn(ed. All of these were below 1.6% contamination (Table1). Fumagalli, M. et al. PLoS Genet. The component is absent in the Karelian hunter-gatherers (EHG)3 dated to 83007200 yBP as well as Mesolithic and Neolithic populations from the Baltics from 8300 yBP and 71005000 yBP respectively8. Veli-Pekka, L.) 2895 (Inarin Kunta, 2003). (EvgenyGenkin / CC BY-SA 3.0 ) The Yamnaya crossed enormous distances, likely because of a newly domesticated animal at the time, the horse. J. Hum. PLoS Genet. Lipson, M. et al. Reconstructing Native American population . A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. All software first described in this study is freely available from online repositories. If either Yamnaya or EHG could be dropped (as is the case for Levnluhta), we show the model which is more consistent with previous publications3,7,8,45 in Fig. Fu, Q. et al. The sampling and subsequent processing of the ancient human remains was done in dedicated clean-room facilities (Methods). 3). OG3: Mixe; CHG; Israel_Natufian; Villabruna; Onge; Ami. AllSaami corresponds to a population consisting of the two genomes from the SGDP and the genome from this study (ModernSaami). Individuals from this study are indicated by labels in bold. The final total volume of 100l eluate was reached by two separate elution rounds of 50l of TET (10mM Tris-HCL, 1mM EDTA pH 8.0, 0.1% Tween20), each spun for 1min at 14,000rpm into a fresh Eppendorf 1.5ml tube. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Dabney, J. et al. Nature 522, 167172 (2015). Li, H. & Durbin, R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. In contrast to previous models for European populations using three streams of ancestry2,3, we found that some populations modelled here require two additional components: a component related to modern Nganasans, as discussed above, and additional EHG ancestry, not explained by Yamnaya (who have been shown to contain large amounts of EHG ancestry themselves3). Lahermo, P. et al. J. Hum. 27, 576582 (2017). assembled the collection of archaeological samples. Internet Explorer). Acta Boreal. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Ann. Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans. Notably, this is the earliest known occurrence of Y-haplogroup N1c in Fennoscandia. Estimates obtained using Nganasans and Lithuanians as source populations provided a similar estimate (Supplementary Figure5 for LD decay plots for multiple populations using Lithuanian and Nganasan as sources.). and S.P. Cultural and climatic changes shape the evolutionary history of the Uralic languages. Extraction buffer containing 0.45M EDTA, pH 8.0 (Life Technologies) and 0.25mg/ml Proteinase K (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to bone powder and incubated at 37C with rotation overnight. 2. Am. Genome Res. During the blunt-end repair step, a mixture of 0.4U/l T4 PNK (polynucleotide kinase) and 0.024U/l T4 DNA polymerase, 1NEB buffer 2 (NEB), 100M dNTP mix (Thermo Scientific), 1mM ATP (NEB) and 0.8mg/ml BSA (NEB) was added to the template DNA, followed by incubation in a thermocycler (15min 15C, 15min 25C) and purification with a MinElute kit (QIAGEN). A pileup file was generated using samtools mpileup with parameters -q 30 -Q 30 -B containing only sites overlapping with our capture panel. For the West Eurasian PCA (Supplementary Figure3a, b), the following populations were used to construct principal components: Abkhasian, Adygei, Albanian, Armenian, Balkar, Basque, BedouinA, BedouinB, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Canary_Islander, Chechen, Chuvash, Croatian, Cypriot, Czech, Druze, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Georgian, Greek, Hungarian, Icelandic, Iranian, Italian_North, Italian_South, Jew_Ashkenazi, Jew_Georgian, Jew_Iranian, Jew_Iraqi, Jew_Libyan, Jew_Moroccan, Jew_Tunisian, Jew_Turkish, Jew_Yemenite, Jordanian, Kumyk, Lebanese, Lezgin, Lithuanian, Maltese, Mordovian, North_Ossetian, Norwegian, Orcadian, Palestinian, Polish, Russian, Sardinian, Saudi, Scottish, Sicilian, Spanish, Spanish_North, Syrian, Turkish, Ukrainian. Nucleotide positions 309.1C(C), 315.1C, AC indels at 515-522, 16182C, 16183C, 16193.1C(C) and 16519 were masked and not included in our haplotype calls. We used EAGER63 (version 1.92.50) to process the sequenced reads, using default parameters (see below) for human-originated, UDG-half treated, single-end sequencing data, when processing the UDG-half libraries for all individuals. The Yamnaya-related steppe ancestry has been described as a mixture of Eastern- and Caucasus hunter-gatherers from the Pontic-Caspian steppes, dating to 3,300-2,600 BCE, which eventually spread further to the Altai region in the East in the form of people associated to the Afanasievo Culture. 7, 320 (1990). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles The data were merged with a large dataset consisting of 3871 ancient and modern individuals genotyped on the Human Origins and/or 1240K SNP arrays, using mergeit. 27, 22202226 (2010). Lazaridis, I. et al. 81, 559575 (2007). BISMARCK - Rep. Jayme Davis, D-Rolette, has been elected Caucus Chair of the North Dakota Democratic-NPL House Legislative Caucus, making her the first Native American to hold a caucus . On the ethnogenesis of the Sami: an archaeological view. Nucleic Acids Res. Hidden and remote: new perspectives on the people in the Levnluhta Water Burial, Western Finland (c.ad 300800). Genet. Genetics 130 , 153-162 (1992). It is especially prevalent in Uralic speakers, comprising for example as much as 54% of eastern Finnish male lineages today36.
