In Northern Ireland, Protestants in favor of the monarchy had been in the majority for centuries. Northern Ireland has underdeveloped transport infrastructure, with most infrastructure concentrated around Greater Belfast, Greater Derry, and Craigavon. [92], In 2007, 36% of the population defined themselves as unionist, 24% as nationalist, and 40% defined themselves as neither. Both the national flag and the national anthem of present-day Ireland drive origins directly from the Rising. Belfast was a key industrial city in the UK's war effort, producing ships, tanks, aircraft, and munitions. Brexit has also activated a historic sense of betrayal on the part of the Northern Irish against Britain. The third phase of main statistics results from Census 2021 are now available. Working class areas in the north and east of the city were particularly hard hit, and over 1,000 people were killed and hundreds were seriously injured. In the 2011 census the same process could only assign a religion to 94% of the population and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency ceased to call the measure "community background" and instead called it "religion or religion brought up in". . The third Peace Monitoring Report from 2014 examined data from the 2011 census in Northern Ireland and found that "the headline result was the narrowing of the gap between Catholics (45.1 per cent) and Protestants (48.4 per cent)". [29] The conflict was caused by the disputed status of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom and the discrimination against the Irish nationalist minority by the dominant unionist majority. Not all Protestants are unionists, and not all Catholics are nationalist. Catholic vs Protestant: The Troubles of Northern Ireland Episode 1 youth This segment comes from Episode 1: War + Peace. [167], In recent censuses, residents said they held the following passports:[154][168], Irish is an official language of Northern Ireland as of 6 December 2022 when the Irish Language Act (Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022) became law. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was formed in 1801 and governed from London. Meanwhile, the majority in Southern Ireland (which became the Irish Free State in 1922), and a significant minority in Northern Ireland, were Irish nationalists (generally Catholics) who wanted a united independent Ireland. So that made Ulster culturally and confessionally distinct. One in Donegal by the pretend republicans in RAAD - beating, shooting, exiling and murdering nationalists without any due process. They haven't voted yet, but over time, they will become voters. Its amazing that more people werent killed, says Smyth, who was among the protestors that day in Derry. (Getty Images photo). Northern Ireland is composed of 26 districts, derived from the boroughs of Belfast and Londonderry and the counties of Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry, and Tyrone. [74], In 1965, Northern Ireland's Prime Minister Terence O'Neill met the Taoiseach, Sen Lemass. Some words and phrases are shared with Scots Gaelic, and the dialects of east Ulster those of Rathlin Island and the Glens of Antrim were very similar to the dialect of Argyll, the part of Scotland nearest to Ireland. Long Kesh is the former name of Her Majesty's Prison Maze (see . The UK's submission to the 2007 United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names defines the UK as being made up of two countries (England and Scotland), one principality (Wales) and one province (Northern Ireland). [31] Its economy has grown significantly since the late 1990s. Richard English, "The Interplay of Non-violent and Violent Action in Northern Ireland, 196772", in, Lord Scarman, "Violence and Civil Disturbances in Northern Ireland in 1969: Report of Tribunal of Inquiry" Belfast: HMSO, Cmd566 (known as the, Parliamentary Reports of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, Volume 20 (1937) and. But the Irish Boundary Commission, established in the treaty ending the AngloIrish War, ultimately included six of the nine counties of Ulster within Northern Ireland, and that left a lot of nationalist areas like Tyrone, Fermanagh, and Omagh, all of which were Catholic-majority areas, stranded in Northern Ireland. So theres a fear that Brexit is going to strand Northern Irelandon the other side of a customs border in the Irish Sea. However, whereas just 45 percent of people in Northern Ireland identify as Catholic, 84 percent of people in the Republic of Ireland do. This is where I start on the topic of Irish partition in my course. the 1921 Irish elections were held on 24 May, in which unionists won most seats in the Northern Ireland parliament. [194] The former Northern Ireland flag, also known as the "Ulster Banner" or "Red Hand Flag", is a banner derived from the coat of arms of the Government of Northern Ireland until 1972. So that was one critical respect in which partition did not go the way the British had meant it to. Many Irish republicans blamed the British establishment for the sectarian divisions in Ireland, and believed that Ulster unionism would fade once British rule was ended. [34] It was made up of several Gaelic kingdoms and territories and was part of the province of Ulster. [108] Some writers describe the United Kingdom as being made up of three countries and one province[109] or point out the difficulties with calling Northern Ireland a country. Headed by English unionist politician Walter Long, it was known as the 'Long Committee'. One of the men's side's regular international venues is Stormont in Belfast. The Trustees are the custodians of schools within the Catholic managed sector. Northern Ireland, outlined in black, is made up of six counties of the nine-county region of Ulster. A second extensive lake system is centred on Lower and Upper Lough Erne in Fermanagh. Renunciation of British citizenship requires the payment of a fee, currently 372. Northern Ireland police, including members of the Ulster Special Constabulary, guarding a road near the Fermanagh/Cavan border (circa 1920s). [166], Neither government, however, extends its citizenship to all persons born in Northern Ireland. [30], The economy of Northern Ireland was the most industrialised in Ireland at the time of partition, but soon began to decline, a decline exacerbated by the political and social turmoil of the Troubles. In 1921, the Irish successfully fought for independence and Ireland was partitioned into two countries: the Irish Free State, which was almost entirely Catholic, and the smaller Northern Ireland, which was mostly Protestant with a Catholic minority. The origins of the Troubles date back to centuries of warfare in which the predominantly Catholic people of Ireland attempted to break free of British (overwhelmingly Protestant) rule. Northern Ireland is a common law jurisdiction and its common law is similar to that in England and Wales. The Lower and Upper River Bann, River Foyle and River Blackwater form extensive fertile lowlands, with excellent arable land also found in North and East Down, although much of the hill country is marginal and suitable largely for animal husbandry. The volcanic activity which created the Antrim Plateau also formed the geometric pillars of the Giant's Causeway on the north Antrim coast. The UK Government in 2001 ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. These figures based on the 2021 census at district level mask wide variations on smaller scales. This is especially important in neighborhoods throughout Northern Ireland considered strongholds of Catholics or Protestants. The foremost hero of the cycle is Conchobar's nephew Cchulainn, who features in the epic prose/poem An Tin B Cailnge (The Cattle Raid of Cooley, a casus belli between Ulster and Connaught). [41], Unionists were in a minority in Ireland as a whole, but a majority in the province of Ulster, especially the counties Antrim, Down, Armagh and Londonderry. Some Ulster unionists were willing to tolerate the 'loss' of some mainly-Catholic areas of the province. [69], The UUP governments, and some UUP-dominated local authorities, discriminated against the Catholic and Irish nationalist minority; especially over gerrymandering of electoral boundaries, the allocation of public housing, public sector employment, and policing, showing "a consistent and irrefutable pattern of deliberate discrimination against Catholics". Brexit takes Northern Ireland out of the European Union and leaves the Republic of Ireland in the European Union, drawing a stark distinction and difference between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Irish Sign Language (ISL) has some influence from the French family of sign language, which includes American Sign Language (ASL). There are 462 seats that will be contested in all of Northern Ireland's 11 councils. It was the beginning of a decades-long deployment in Northern Ireland by the British military. He was drafted 1st overall in the 1990 NHL Draft by the Quebec Nordiques. Theres been an unfortunate sort of heroic regard for the gunman-martyr throughout Irish history in the 20th century, certainly throughout the Northern Ireland conflict from the 1960s to the late 1990s: the rebel revolutionary who either dies, or is martyred at the hands of the state, or is executed. At the Commonwealth Games and some other sporting events, the Northern Ireland team uses the Ulster Banner as its flagnotwithstanding its lack of official statusand the Londonderry Air (usually set to lyrics as Danny Boy), which also has no official status, as its national anthem. Across Northern Ireland, says Smyth, loyalists groups regularly organized parades to commemorate Protestant military victories dating back to the 17th century. Devolution in Northern Ireland is dependent upon participation by members of the Northern Ireland executive in the North/South Ministerial Council, which coordinates areas of cooperation (such as agriculture, education, and health) between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. [46], By the end of the war (during which the 1916 Easter Rising had taken place), most Irish nationalists now wanted full independence rather than home rule. A longtime contributor to HowStuffWorks, Dave has also been published in The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times and Newsweek. [172] The dialect of English spoken in Northern Ireland shows influence from the lowland Scots language. "The troubles were over, but the killing continued. The Irish Times, May 2008. The city was thinly defended, and had only 24 anti-aircraft guns. What drives human exploration of the unknown? On August 14, the overwhelmed prime minister of Northern Ireland called on the British government to send in troops to restore order. The Troubles were seeded by centuries of conflict between predominantly Catholic Ireland and predominantly Protestant England. It first met on 7 June and formed its first devolved government, headed by Ulster Unionist Party leader James Craig. It will be the first electoral test for Northern Ireland's political parties since last May's assembly elections. The state-owned Channel 4 and the privately owned Channel 5 also broadcast in Northern Ireland. These institutions were suspended by the UK Government in 2002 after Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) allegations of spying by people working for Sinn Fin at the Assembly (Stormontgate). [96], For the most part, Protestants feel a strong connection with Great Britain and wish for Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom. But Irish nationalists had unilaterally declared an independent Ireland and launched a guerrilla campaignthe Irish War of Independence, or Anglo-Irish War (191921) and refused to recognize the act; they refused to reconcile themselves to remaining within the United Kingdom. The "Ballast" investigation by the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland has confirmed that British forces, and in particular the RUC, did collude with loyalist paramilitaries, were involved in murder, and did obstruct the course of justice when such claims had been investigated,[81] although the extent to which such collusion occurred is still disputed.
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