It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. The humanistic perspective, or third force psychology (psychoanalysis and behaviorism being the other two forces), emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative viewpoint to the largely deterministic view of personality espoused by psychoanalysis and the view of humans as machines advocated by behaviorism. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. Psychosurgery. d. transference. 2.2.3.1. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. Why? b. cultural. c. Its use is controversial because it requires surgical implantation of electrodes. b. ego. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. During CBT a therapist will actively work with a person to uncover unhealthy patterns of thought and how they may be causing self-destructive behaviors and beliefs. CBT attempts to identify negative or false beliefs and restructure them. b. social factors leading to stress. b. self-actualization. Another example is how a baby will root for a food source if the mothers breast is placed near their mouth. 126. 80. a. In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. Infants tend to do things that feel good. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. d. lend itself easily to research. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. b. c. superego. d. Genes do not interact with the environment. 2.3.1.2. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. In other words, we assume the person who cut us off is an idiot (dispositional) and do not consider that maybe someone in the car is severely injured and this person is rushing them to the hospital (situational). c. tertiary prevention. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. d. Freud. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? a. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. d. quaternary prevention. Consider hunger, and the associated rumbling of our stomach, fatigue, lack of energy, etc., that motivates us to find and eat food. It is the most commonly used biological treatment for mental disorders. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: a. point out the clients misconceptions. Rogers did try to investigate his propositions scientifically, but most other humanistic-existential psychologists rejected the use of the scientific method. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). This response does not need to be learned and shows the relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yielding an unconditioned response (UCR). Subjecting a person to a situation that causes the individual anxiety as a means of eliminating future anxiety is called: When I was a child, I loved to go swimming in a lake near my house. d. psychotropic treatment. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. 2.3.1.4. c. cognitive a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. humanist-existential d. sociocultural. Conditioning. Evaluating the behavioral model. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. PDF CHAPTER 71 Diagnosis and Classification Issues: DSM-5 and More c. neurons. c. the conscious mind. a. tertiary b. mutual-help c. cognitive-behavioral d. integrative behavioral. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? 40. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? The next morning, researchers placed a hungry cat in the puzzle box and set a small amount of food outside the box, just close enough to be smelled. b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills. Why is this? The point where this occurs is called the synapse. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partner's departure and ways to save money. a. Existential therapy is very new, and there hasnt yet been enough time to conduct thorough research. This is an example of: How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? d. secondary process thought. You are doing your best. Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. Continuous or partial? According to Mental Health America, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure in which a brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure. Patients are placed on a padded bed and administered a muscle relaxant to avoid injury during the seizures. Psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs. Pavlov realized some stimuli automatically elicited responses (such as salivating to meat powder) and other stimuli had to be paired with these automatic associations for the animal or person to respond to it (such as salivating to a bell). The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. a. equifinality b. eclectic integration c. multifinality d. timing. Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. 114. b. multicultural. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. Their self-concept becomes distorted, now seen as having worth only when these significant others approve, leading to a disharmonious state and psychopathology. Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. Module Overview. The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. a. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. c. humanistic-existential The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). 115. d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. 2.2.2.3. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. Regret orientation Focusing on what you could have done better in the past rather than on improving now. If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? This information is passed to the nervous system due to the process of transduction and through sensory or afferent neurons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system. a. It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. a. modeling Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: a. repression. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. The content of dreams includes the persons actual retelling of the dreams, called manifest content, and the hidden or symbolic meaning called latent content. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? 132. d. Bandura. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. 153. They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place. 92. b. unconditional self-regard. c. humanistic-existential The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. Behaviorally test your thought. 143. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. Gen psych chapter 13 - Subjecto.com d. latency stage. d. existential. It consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. a. long-term memory b. numerical and spatial reasoning c. autonomic nervous system functioning d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. 75. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. a. disengaged b. neglectful c. enmeshed d. belittling. Outline respondent conditioning and the work of Pavlov and Watson. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. The brain. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? 54. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). c. rationalization. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. c. existential d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. How so? b. anal stage. Counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists often work directly in . A friend recommends this therapy. 154. d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. d. brain circuits. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. a. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. They act as the instructions to make proteins, and it is estimated by the Human Genome Project that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. d. bipolar disorder. The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. a. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. d. psychoanalytic therapy. Exemplify the effect of attributions on creating abnormal behavior. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. 26. c. children who very seldom fight. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. This begs the question of how we can really know that they exist. Maladaptive cognitions. Hence, to reach -55mV and fire, it will need more than the normal gain of +15mV (-70 to -55 mV). Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. 156. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. humanist-existential d. cognitive-behavioral. 53. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. a. sociocultural b. biocultural c. psychocultural d. cognitive-cultural. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. As fears can be learned, so too they can be unlearned. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior. d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. This is called the, Step 5 After a short time, the neuron can fire again, but needs greater than normal levels of stimulation to do so. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. To be considered distinct from other conditions, a mental illness must have its own set of symptoms. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. 121. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. d. encourages individuals to share information with the group. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. 145. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? d. catharsis. Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. See Figure 2.1 below. A patient has social anxiety disorder. became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. d. existential, 125. b. who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. c. ineffective treatment options. c. superego. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? This form of learning is called: a. shaping. And if a nipple is placed in their mouth, they will also automatically suck via the sucking reflex. Preconditioning. The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model. 18. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. c. drugs are not very effective in the treatment of abnormal behavior. 2.2.1.5. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. 120. Schemas and cognitive errors. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. Freud believed that the id is fueled by: a. self-preservation. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. b. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. a. psychodynamic Albert Bandura conducted pivotal research on observational learning, and you likely already know all about it. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: a. enmeshed structure. b. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. This therapy is BEST described as: a. relational psychoanalytic therapy. 2.3.1.5. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. 155. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. 113. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. What is learning and what forms does it take? 12. 149. It is difficult to research this perspective. Unconditioned means unlearned. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. The MOST likely consequence of having acquired conditions of worth is: a. social isolation. Modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. projection. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. d. classical conditioning. 85. The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: a. id. c. explain the connection between religious practices and mental health. a. All this stage of learning signifies is that some learning is already present. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. Whenever she has to attend a party, she only speaks to people she knows well. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? b. existential The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neuron's ending? The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. b. map, or sequence, genes. b. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. b. Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. Bertha (Anna O.) c. emphasize health. WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. 61. 31. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. c. congenital malformations. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. Figure 2.8. OCD has an earlier age of onset in girls than boys, with most people being diagnosed by age 19. d. fixation. The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. c. gestalt therapy. Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. d. synapses. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. d. sociocultural. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. d. the ways in which women express their femininity. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. What if? Figure 2.10. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. This single factor explanation is called a uni-dimensional model. b. ethnographic studies. Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery.
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