This is because healthcare is typically better, with more access to doctors, and investment into this sector is higher. The effectiveness of such programs may depend on factors such as the availability of resources, the level of community involvement, and the political climate surrounding migration. One example of such an organization is the United Nations, which is a global organization that seeks to promote international cooperation and resolve conflicts between states. To find out more about the inequalities in China and their. The images show examples of agricultural technology developed during different time periods. Ecotourism activities often involve nature-based experiences, such as wildlife viewing, birdwatching, hiking, and camping. Example: Where the US in this growth model, An economic theory that estimates the amount of adjustment needed on the exchange rate between countries in order for the exchange to be equivalent to each currency's purchasing power. Biomass energy: This type of energy is generated using organic matter, such as wood, crops, and animal waste, as a fuel source. h. elastic demand. Uneven development describes how development is different across the world. Uneven development results in differences in wealth across the world. One historical example of a factor that contributed to population growth is the Industrial Revolution, which led to improvements in public health and increased life expectancy, leading to a population boom. Nations with high population density tend to be poverty-stricken as well, due to too many people in a given area competing for resources (agricultural, financial, etc). Colonialism refers to the control of countries by another country. Uneven development describes the way development differs across the world, and takes place at different speeds. The control of countries by other countries. The schemes are usually led by the local people themselves. Environmental determinists believe that ecological, climatic, and geographical factors alone are responsible for human cultures and individual decisions . Promote gender equality and empower women. The precautionary principle: This principle states that when there is a risk of serious or irreversible harm to the environment or human health, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason to postpone measures to prevent that harm. Birth plus deaths minus immigration C. Birth plus deaths plus immigration D. Birth plus deaths minus emigration E. Births minus deaths 2. Examples of centrifugal and centripetal force are found in religion, language, ethnic culture, government, and physical geography. a resource of economic value that cannot be readily replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption. Promoting social equity: This can involve ensuring access to education, healthcare, and other basic services for all members of society. Semi-periphery areas. True or false: life expectancy is often higher in LICs. This can occur due to the availability of natural resources, transportation infrastructure, and access to markets. For example, life expectancy in the UK in 2019 was 81.20 years old. Maquiladoras are factories located in developing countries that import raw materials and export finished goods. This shift is characterized by the use of advanced technologies, such as automation, robotics, and artificial intelligence, as well as the increasing importance of knowledge-based activities, such as design, research, and development. Example: The GDP of the USA Human Development Index (HDI) Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy. =)=\infty)=). During colonial times, resources and money would be taken from colonised countries, often for the benefit of the colonising country. What are the effects of uneven development? Chapter 1: Basic Concepts (Unit I: Geography: Its Nature and Perspective) Chapter Outline. Answer: Language has been used to maintain or challenge power structures by shaping the ways in which people communicate and understand the world around them. activities that directly extract materials from the Earth. A) Define the concept of resource distribution and provide one example of how the uneven distribution of a natural resource can impact economic development. Life expectancy is the amount of time a person is likely to live. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. ( The last section of the core-periphery model). In the 1950s, many countries became independent and removed their colonial ties. C) Explain two economic consequences of urbanization, providing an example of each. development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. the Endangered Languages Program (ELP)), promote bilingual education, or support the development of language revitalization programs in indigenous communities. McDonald's has restaurants in over 100 countries and generates a significant portion of its revenue from international operations. It is a clean and environmentally friendly source of power that does not produce greenhouse gases or other harmful emissions. Countries that have a colonial history have lower development levels today. Uneven development is a global issue. Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes. b. demand These can also be used to compare countries with each other. roads, power supply, sewerage etc. The effectiveness of such programs may depend on factors such as local context, support from government and civil society, and the involvement of the international community. F) Describe two ways in which urban planning can mitigate the negative effects of urbanization on communities. g. Law of Demand Answer: Assimilation refers to the process by which migrants adopt the cultural norms and values of their new communities. Sustainable agriculture and food tourism: This type of ecotourism involves visiting farms, wineries, and other food and drink producers to learn about sustainable agriculture practices and to taste local produce. A language, on the other hand, is a standardized system of communication that is used by a community of speakers who share a common linguistic history. This results in uneven development globally. E) Describe one way in which technology can be used to address resource distribution challenges. They have significant economic power and influence and are often accused of exploiting developing countries and undermining local businesses and cultures. The Sun Belt has historically been an attractive destination for migrants and retirees, and has also attracted businesses due to its lower labor and land costs. Answer: A sustainable city is a city that is designed to meet the needs of its residents while also protecting the environment and conserving resources for future generations. US - only 2% of workers are in agriculture. (F) Explain the concept of a supranational organization and describe one example of such an organization. d. change in demand Answer: Human capital refers to the knowledge, skills, and abilities of individuals that contribute to their productivity and economic success. Of these countries, only Vietnam does not qualify as a country in the semi-periphery. It is considered to be in the periphery due to its low standard of living. I. the division of the world into major economic centers, centers of manufacturing, and extremely poor communities. The idea behind a growth pole is that economic development in one area can have spillover effects that stimulate growth in other areas. An example of this is the use of language policies to promote or suppress the use of certain languages in schools or government, which can affect the power and status of different linguistic groups. It is recommended that you spend approximately one-third of your time (25 minutes) on each question. The deliberate killing of a place through industrial expansion and change, so that its earlier landscape and character are destroyed. Aid is the transfer of money, goods and expertise to assist the development of LICs and improve the quality of life. Review Session #1: AP Human Geography. It ultimately undermined local economies and political stability as villages' vital labour was shipped overseas preventing an agricultural revolution. D) Describe one way in which climate change can impact population growth. Wind energy: This type of energy is generated using wind turbines that convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electricity. Ecotourism can provide a range of benefits, including: Environmental benefits: By promoting conservation and sustainability, ecotourism can help to protect and preserve natural areas and biodiversity. Most of the people in wealthy countries are employed in __________. Let's take a look! This dependence has led to criticism that these countries are still being exploited and controlled by outside powers, despite the formal end of colonialism. G) Analyze the effectiveness of one policy or program designed to address resource distribution challenges. Listen to the first 1 minute of the video below. energy replaced continually within a human lifespan, has an essentially unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people. the total value of goods produced and services provided by a country in a year, divided by the total number of people living in that country. You could find that on Google or in your textbook, but what does that really mean? Example: in charge of bus departures times, A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located. Disease causes sickness (and death), meaning people cannot go to work. However, people can be pushed out of their home country because of war or natural disasters. Other examples of transnational corporations include Coca-Cola, Disney, Nike, and ExxonMobil. A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development. Pull factors are the things that attract people to a new country. These activities can take place in a variety of natural settings, including national parks, protected areas, and rural communities. C) Describe two economic consequences of migration, providing an example of each. Answer: A lack of access to resources, such as clean water, can impact the quality of life as it can lead to health problems and reduced productivity. is a measure of inequality developed by an Italian statistician. This can be economic, social, political, and/or environmental. This causes a brain drain in the LIC, limiting economic development. In the poorest parts of the world the vast majority of the population is engaged in primary economic activities like farming, fishing, hunting, and mining. It has been criticized for its impact on local cultures and economies, as well as for its environmental and labor practices. There are several types of renewable energy technologies, including: Solar energy: This type of energy is generated from sunlight using photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power systems. G) Analyze the effectiveness of one policy or program designed to address the challenges of population growth and its consequences. What are some physical causes of uneven development? Natural disasters can also hinder development, as well as water insecurity. when one country gives something to another country. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. People are living in every corner of the world. 3) Control stage - Management now gains control over the technology's resources by implementing formal control processes and standards that stifle almost all new projects. E) Analyze the relationship between urbanization and globalization, providing at least one example of how globalization has influenced urbanization patterns. Example: the literacy rate of the US is high, The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it. Examples include the Great Wall of China, the Pyramids of Giza in Egypt, and the Mayan ruins in Mexico. Fig. - Less developed countries. Political geography is the study of the spatial distribution of political processes and the impact of these processes on the landscape and human behavior. Og70dAl}gx)&~:TvZ?4HC\5bOfh~~`a!/6-~ PK;~Q=. Many Latin American countries have a history of U.S. intervention and influence, and have implemented economic policies that favor U.S. interests, such as free trade agreements and privatization of state-owned enterprises. Example: Canada. Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making. There are several key principles of sustainable development, including: Intergenerational equity: This principle refers to the idea that the needs of future generations should be considered when making decisions about the use of natural resources. Raw materials are often made into more expensive goods or products in HICs, therefore boosting these economies instead, whilst LICs have to import these expensive goods, so economic growth remains low. As a result, many U.S. cities that were once reliant on manufacturing have experienced economic decline and social disruption. The value is the average of three statistics: basic literacy rate, infant mortality, and life expectancy at age one, all equally weighted on a 0 to 100 scale. *Projects are often labour intensive and for the benefit of the local community e.g building a well or repairing irrigation ditches. A) Define the concept of migration and provide one historical or contemporary example of a push factor and a pull factor that can lead to migration. a measure of how many units of currency are needed in one country to buy the amount of goods and services that one unit of currency will buy in another country. The second most expensive house in the world (after Buckingham Palace) is placed directly next to one of Mumbai's slums. There is often a huge gap between the very wealthy and the very poor, both in HICs and LICs. G) Analyze the effectiveness of one policy or program designed to address the challenges of migration and its consequences. C) Describe one way in which a lack of access to resources can impact the quality of life. This describes the way that people become stuck in a vicious cycle of being poor. Geothermal energy: This type of energy is generated using heat from the earth's core to produce electricity or to heat and cool buildings. the number of live births per thousand of population per year. Are you interested to find out how wealthy your family is compared to the rest of the world? Industrialization and Economic Growth will give power to some but will hurt others through the process of Uneven Development. AP Human Geography: Practice Tests and Flashcards, The Core-Periphery Model is used by geographers to describe, People in the poorest parts of the world are primarily engaged in, Most of the people in wealthy countries are employed in, In the Core-Periphery Model the semi-periphery includes all of the following except, The back-wash effect can be best described as. Pretax accounting income for 2016 was$45 million. Other examples of cities in the Sun Belt include Tampa, Florida; Dallas, Texas; and Las Vegas, Nevada. *Involves more local communities and local workers. A. Industrialization. The Core-Periphery Model is used by geographers to describe the division of the world into three segments. Answer: Historical and contemporary factors that have influenced language distribution and diversity include colonialism, migration patterns, globalization, and language policies. f .=80,95d.f.=80,95 percent confidence, c. d.f.=100,95d . Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. (G) Analyze the effectiveness of one policy or program designed to promote language diversity and maintain linguistic heritage. The differences in development across the world, and how development takes place at different speeds. Business development is still very uneven within the UK, because of local transaction costs, variations in institutional thickness, agglomeration, external and urbanization economies, and the continued importance of face-to-face contacts. For example, urban areas often provide more job opportunities than rural areas, but income inequality may also be higher in urban areas. The SDGs are relevant to all countries and are intended to guide global development efforts towards a more sustainable and equitable future. Where is a good example of tourism helping to close the development gap? AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Scoring Guidelines Question 1: No stimulus In most countries, the concept of the state as a political unit is subject to the tensions between centrifugal and centripetal forces. True or false: microfinance loans can help individuals escape poverty. It is a frontier that is not formally part of a state, but the United Kingdom claims the area. 3) Takeoff stage - Introduction and rapid growth (industrial revolution) of manufacturing industries, better infrastructure, financial investment, and cultural change True or false: the development continuum helps to show a scale of development, with the least and most developed countries, and the countries in between. It can provide opportunities to challenge oneself and to appreciate the natural beauty and adventure of different regions. Integration stage The use of the new technology increase rapidly providing new benefits and supporting the overall business strategy. For example, as populations grow, more water may be used for irrigation, leading to increased depletion of water resources. the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area. In Bangladesh, ___ were used to filter out cholera from water. The natural resource curse theory, or the paradox of plenty, essentially describes how countries that have vast amounts of a particular resource, are doomed for poor development. Ameen uses straight-line depreciation for financial statement reporting and MACRS for income tax reporting. Quality of life is the level of access to things like health, comfort/leisure and feelings of safety. Similarly, Silicon Valley in California has become a hub for technology companies due to the concentration of skilled workers, research institutions, and venture capital firms in the region. Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are large and powerful companies that are spread all around the world. The goal of JIT is to reduce waste, improve efficiency, and lower costs by reducing the amount of inventory that a company needs to hold. A subdiscipline of geography that seeks to describe and explain the absolute and relative location of economic activities, and the flows of information, raw materials, goods, and people that connect otherwise separate local, regional, and national economies. As a result, these countries have become heavily dependent on exports to the U.S. and have become vulnerable to fluctuations in the U.S. economy. This can lead to debates around issues such as the rights of migrants, the role of borders in defining national identity, and the tension between national security and humanitarian concerns. Reducing the development gap is vital for reducing uneven development. 1) Initiation stage - The technology is introduced in the organization. D) Analyze the relationship between globalization and resource distribution, providing at least one example of how globalization can impact the distribution of resources. (E) Describe ONE centripetal force that governments use to promote the state as a nation. HICs and TNCs tend to source their raw materials from LICs, as it is usually much cheaper. It is important to note that these inequalities don't just appear at a global scale, but can be seen at a national scale within countries. Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards. C) Explain two environmental consequences of population growth, providing an example of each. Birdwatching: This type of ecotourism involves observing and identifying birds in their natural habitat. The development level of a country can be shown using development indicators, income labels or the development continuum. Push factors are reasons why people want to move away from a country. 2 - Antilia tower in Mumbai, the second most expensive house in the world. the process in which the interaction of social and economic factors causes the development of industries on a wide scale. What is another name for natural resource curse theory? Manufacturing employment in the U.S. has declined from around 25% of the total workforce in the 1950s to around 10% in recent years. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure peace and prosperity for all. What are some strategies that can help to close the development gap? One effect of suburbanization is placelessness; this is the feeling that you are in the same place wherever you go because the landscape is homogenous like we discussed in Unit 1. The total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year. endstream endobj 439 0 obj <>>>/EncryptMetadata false/Filter/Standard/Length 128/O(Q.`;RvqL)/P -1324/R 4/StmF/StdCF/StrF/StdCF/U(VpKS% )/V 4>> endobj 440 0 obj <>>>/Lang(|VZT;p&p I]$y|k)/MarkInfo 463 0 R/Metadata 41 0 R/OpenAction 441 0 R/Outlines 60 0 R/Pages 436 0 R/StructTreeRoot 61 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 441 0 obj <> endobj 442 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Thumb 34 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 443 0 obj <>stream Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade. Maquiladoras are a controversial form of economic development, as they can provide jobs and economic growth in the host country, but are also accused of exploiting cheap labor and undermining local businesses. For example, as more people consume goods and services, the production and disposal of waste can lead to increased pollution. All Ive done is prompted ChatGPT as described above, and then with what ChatGPT returned, produced this post. If they are landlocked, there is no coastal access, blocking them off, and limiting opportunities for sea trade. Coastal and marine areas: These are areas along the coast or in the ocean that are rich in biodiversity and provide opportunities for ecotourism activities such as snorkeling, diving, and whale watching. Market economy: A market economy is one in which the production and distribution of goods and services are determined by the laws of supply and demand in a free market. L/$;cqHi}1Kl@g;)k{Qf7og\E[ah]iahz +qp)4 *Schemes are appropriate and sustainable long-term. Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! Answer: Two social or cultural consequences of population growth include increased urbanization and changes in family structure. Why would the use of the cash payback period for analyzing the financial performance of theatrical releases from a motion picture production studio be supported over the net present value method? (B) Explain the difference between a nation and a state. (D) Explain the concept of gerrymandering and describe one example of how it can be used to manipulate political outcomes. Trade happens all over the world. For example, the concentration of automobile manufacturing in Detroit, Michigan was due in part to the availability of iron and coal in the region, as well as the presence of the Great Lakes, which made it easier to transport raw materials and finished products. An example of its impact on language diversity is the spread of English as a global language, which has led to the loss of other languages and dialects. %%EOF The effectiveness of such programs may depend on factors such as cultural attitudes towards family planning, access to healthcare, and government support. People usually migrate because of push and pull factors. Coffee is the product. In 2017, the United States had a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of over $19 trillion, compared to the Central African Republic, with a GDP of $1.95 billion. 2: Antilia Tower (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mumbai_03-2016_19_Antilia_Tower.jpg) by A. Savin (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:A.Savin) Liense type: Free Art License (http://artlibre.org/licence/lal/en/). One example of a policy designed to promote sustainable development in the face of population growth is the implementation of renewable energy sources, such as wind or solar power, which can. One example of a growth pole is the development of a new port or transportation hub, which can create jobs and stimulate economic development in the surrounding region. Country that has recently established an industrialized economy based on manufacturing and global trade. Answer: Urbanization and globalization are interrelated as global economic forces often influence the growth of urban areas. Click on the map if you would like to enlarge it. Push factors are the reasons that people move away from a country. Coffee beans (the raw material) turn into coffee (the tradable product). [79e"; Ly:?M,@hZIdv*KYVBm96p#{oAOJ.1pKSm+2IBQ+FRszh289J={C=Mn^5'. Deindustrialization is the process of a region or country losing its industrial base and shifting towards a service-based economy. Take a look at the Closing the Development Gap explanation for more on this topic. Answer: Urban planning can mitigate the negative effects of urbanization by promoting sustainable development and creating green spaces. an attempt to measure the quality of life or well-being of a country. Anything not within this line shows the LDCs of the world. What are some consequences of uneven development? A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology. (E) Analyze the impact of globalization on state sovereignty, providing at least one example of how globalization has affected the power of the state. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. AP Human Geography 320 resources . Check out the video below whichshows how countries are pulling themselves out of poverty. Economic causes include the cycle of poverty and global trading systems. The spatial grouping of people or activities for mutual benefit. An example of a city in the Sun Belt is Phoenix, Arizona. Does that sound easy enough to understand? Round your answer to the nearest cent. The Development Gap shows the difference between richer and poorer countries. It can also be on a social scale, based upon factors such as healthcare, education, and people's quality of life. Promoting sustainable agriculture: This can involve using sustainable farming practices that minimize the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, conserve water, and protect soil health. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. It also references that an economy affects the supply and demand for goods and services. Due to the nature of the global economy the wealthiest countries can rely on the poorest countries to provide the bulk of their primary economic activities and the semi-developed countries to provide the bulk of their secondary economic activities. The construction of the canal also led to the development of other growth poles in the surrounding region, as new industries, such as tourism and real estate, emerged to serve the needs of the canal. For instance, walkable cities make it easier for residents to get around without relying on cars, while green infrastructure such as parks and green roofs can help reduce the urban heat island effect and improve air quality. For example, the presence of migrant communities can lead to greater cultural exchange and diversity, but it can also lead to tensions around issues such as language or religion. True or false: tourism has helped Tunisias economy, as well as improving other development indicators. For example, droughts and other extreme weather events can lead to crop failures, which can increase food prices and make it difficult for some people to access basic necessities. Development levels differ around the world. The effects of suburbanization are declining central city use, uneven development, declining park space, and pollution as suburban and urban sprawl both continue. The United States has uneven development and our ranking on the HDI drops when you account for wealth inequality. hbbd```b``> "I0&HveL~`:LGMs\9 R*_" H4P$zEA"_00120M "?c What demographic equation is used to determine natural increase? The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: This principle acknowledges that countries have different levels of development and capacity and therefore have different responsibilities in addressing global environmental problems. While a nation and a state can overlap, they are not synonymous. Ch 1 Key Issue 2: Why is Each Point on Earth, World History and Geography: Modern Times. Assume an income tax rate of 40%. However, this has resulted in a power struggle for control over the countries, resulting in conflict and political instability, hindering development further. (A) Define the concept of a state and describe two characteristics of a state. Urbanization is a global phenomenon that has significant social, economic, and environmental consequences. It can show countries that may have rising economies or those which are becoming more industrialised. B) Describe two social or cultural consequences of population growth, providing an example of each. One of the stages of growth model, helping in the understanding of the role of information systems, in an organization's strategy and its maturity.
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